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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
A
group of people, an association, organization or even a settlement stays
together due to norms they accept as a binding guide. Every society
forges ahead in its daily activities because it has some laid down rules
(the dos and the don’ts) that guide the people. These rules may
gradually become the way or pattern of lives of the people in such
society. According to Feluni (1997), the rules are yardstick upon which
members conduct or behaviors are adjudged as good (ethical) or bad
(unethical). Hence, if the works we perform determine our entire
survival, then we must have the right attitude to work (Ekhator, 2002).
Civil servants, who are successfully practicing ethics, will be able to
defend their actions and inactions.
The fact that the prevalence of
ethical standards and accountability of civil servants in Nigeria is the
veritable means of ensuring the commitment of Nigerian government to
the norms of good governance and responsible leadership is very clear.
Ethics and accountabilities are the criteria for good governance which
brings about legitimacy and popular support from the people. The economy
of any nation cannot develop when its members lack sense of duty and
accountability. In creating an administration that will be responsive to
the yearnings and aspirations of the people by the government, the role
of ethics and accountability cannot be overemphasized. Ethics serves as
amoral parameters within which the civil servant operates. It involves
defending and recommending concept of right and wrong conduct.
Civil
servants as officials employed rather than elected in the civil service
capacity to carry out the statutory responsibility of service delivery
in government can only be achieved if they are conscious of the rules of
conduct established to ensure accountability and effective service
delivery (Rasheed, 1995). This simply mean that accountability in the
civil service can only be ensured if the regulatory mechanisms like the
constitution and public service rules are put in place. Those who are
expected to render services must account to the people for their
successes and failures; and those who are entrusted with the custody and
disbursement of public fund must appropriately account to the people
for their use (Okigbo, quoted in Ozor, 2000).
Accountability in the
above assertion can be informed if regulatory mechanisms are put in
place. In our contemporary society, civil servants pay negligence to
ethical conduct thereby engendering unaccountability, bribery and
corruption, impartiality and poor service delivery in the civil service.
The unresponsiveness of the civil servants to their constitutional
assignment has received numerous adverse comments from the right
thinking nationals of Nigeria. Ethical deficit and the problem of
accountability feature noticeably in the action of the civil servants.
Their dominant principle of action is selfish and mercenary interest.
A
civil servant will employ bureaucratic bottleneck if he or she is not
being gratified to carry out his responsibility. He will not submit a
file to another person to work until some unofficial benefit are
attached or is given. The unethical disposition of civil servants is
primarily exacerbated by the weak institutional and wanton negligence
for the practice of accountability by civil servants. Nwosu H. N (1977)
viewed that student in politics and administration in Nigeria also
commented upon the prevalence of corruption and other forms of unethical
behavior on the part of civil servants because of the deplorable law
standard of morality. It is in the light of the above that this study
examines the state of ethics and accountability in the Enugu state civil
service with concentration on Federal Inland Revenue Services, Enugu.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
The
permeating and pervasive influence of unethical behavior in the civil
service like, embezzlements of public funds, bribery and corruption,
tribalism, and other fraudulent acts portrayed by the civil servants
have culminated in their poor image and service delivery. The
aforementioned ethical deficit actions in the civil service have been
worsened by weak institutional arrangement for enforcing ethical and
accountability standard. They have not been effective in monitoring
standards of professional ethics and accountability in the civil service
(Thompson, 1985).
As a matter of fact, the poor working conditions
and miserable pay of civil servants should not be shelved out. It has
contributed to the loss of integrity and deplorable service record of
Nigerian civil servants (Adamolekun, 1983). Lacks of trained and
competent workers have also accrued into the existence of unethical
behavior in Nigeria civil service (Agarah, 1989). As a result of lack of
training which exposes them to rule of conduct, civil servants,
therefore pay negligence to ethical conduct in carrying out their
duties. The activities of the Nigerian civil servants is believed to be
affected by corruption and other forms of unethical behavior like
embezzlements of public funds, bribery and other fraudulent acts, this
is assumed to result to lack of accountability the Nigerian civil
service. The researcher wants to look into the activities of the
Nigerian civil servants using FIRS from 2000-2010 as case study find out
the above assertion.
Based on the above assertion, the question this research sets out to tackle are:
1. Are there cases of unethical behaviors and lack of accountability in Federal Inland Revenue Services, Enugu?
2. What factors lead to unethical behavior and lack of accountability in Federal Inland Revenue Services, Enugu?
3.
What disciplinary measures are taken against those who engage in
unethical behavior in Federal Inland Revenue Services, Enugu?
4. What can be done to improve ethics and accountability in Federal Inland Revenue Services, Enugu?
1.3 Objectives of the Study
The
general objective is to examine unethical behavior and accountability
in the Nigerian civil service. The specific objectives are to:
1.
Find out if there are cases of unethical behavior and lack of
accountability in Federal Inland Revenue Services, Enugu.
2.
Find out the factors that are responsible for unethical behavior and
lack of accountability in Federal Inland Revenue Services, Enugu.
3.
Ascertain the disciplinary measures taken against those who engage in
unethical behaviors in Federal Inland Revenue Services, Enugu.
4. Recommend what can be done to improve ethics and accountability in Federal Inland Revenue Services, Enugu.
1.4 Significance of the Study
The significance of the study can be viewed from two perspectives.
Empirical
Significance: The study of administrative ethics and accountability is
indispensable for good governance. And the knowledge of ethics informs
accountability. This knowledge will help to proffer veritable course of
action that can deter the problems of ethics and accountability in Enugu
state civil service such like corruption, impartiality, absenteeism and
other forms of unethical behavior. The greater the quality of
accountability the greater the quality of good governance, and vice
versa. The sound knowledge of this study will help law makers in making
an outstanding and achievable law for the nation accountability in the
state civil service. It will expose different cases of ethical and
accountability problems in Federal Inland Revenue Services, Enugu and
ways of shelving them out. It will also unveil the factors that caused
these problems.
Theoretical Significance:
The research will
serve as reference material for future researchers in the field of ethic
and accountability in the Nigeria civil service. Academically, it
contributes to the existing knowledge by explaining why civil servants
exhibit unethical and lack of accountability behaviors in the discharge
of their functions and their remedial measures.
1.5 The Scope and Limitation of Study
1.5.1 The Scope of Study
Researching
on ethics and accountability in Enugu state civil service as a whole
comprising of numerous ministries will be too complex and difficult if
not impossible. As a result of this, the researcher reduced the scope of
the study to Federal Inland Revenue Services, Enugu. The major factor
for opting for Federal Inland Revenue Services, Enugu a unit of study is
because the researcher is familiar with the area. Hence, it would be
easier, less expensive and more convenient for the researcher to obtain
relevant information from the sector to ensure efficient and effective
research.
1.5.2 Limitations of Study
Initiating and
concluding a research work successfully is not always a rosy ride to
bliss. As a matter of fact a lot of factors acted as a clog in the wheel
in the smooth research on ethics and accountability in Federal Inland
Revenue Services, Enugu. These factors include:
1. Inadequate Literature: The inadequate materials on the subject matter really threatened the success of this research.
2. Attitude
of the Respondents: Attitudes of the respondents in the various
departments chosen for this study were discouraging. They were in many
occasions very reluctant in supplying relevant information for security
reasons as expression of being afraid to expose their vital official
secretes.
3. Financial Cost: The researcher cannot
overemphasized how problematic the cost implication of this research
was. It was really a big task sourcing for funds as money was limited in
supply, bearing also in mind that the researcher is a student.
4.
Time: The fact that effective researcher needs ample time dedication
is undoubtful. But to the researcher, dedicating such time must be at
the expense of other numerous issues competing attention such as her
course work, consequently, minute time was hared between the research
and other contending issues. The researcher therefore, did not have the
whole supposed time for this work as required. Despite all odds, the
researcher made frantic efforts to collect sufficient data for the
analyses upon which reliable inference was made.
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