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CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY
There has been a great challenge in recent times in antiviral
therapy of poultry diseases. Fewer substances are available for
treatment of antiviral infections when compared with the large amount
of antibiotics available for treatment of bacterial diseases in
poultry; (Esimone et al., 2007). At the same time, the
frequency of viral resistance to the relatively few antiviral agents are
increasing; (De Clerq, 1993).
One of the most important reasons for lack of success in
developing antiviral drugs is due to the nature of infection of viral
agents which totally depend upon the cell they invade for their
multiplication and survival (Vanden Berghe et al., 1986; Vlietnick et al.,
1997). Since many of the existing disinfectants and antiseptics fail
to kill all pathogenic viruses, the demand for new antiviral agents is
great and needs all possible approaches toward the development of new
antiviral drugs.
The research in the use of phytochemicals as antimicrobials for
treatment of certain animal diseases is of paramount interest to
scientists and the poultry industry, (Hammer et al., 1999).
Plants and plant products present some hope to scientists, serving as
an alternative avenue to discovery from current mainstream approach of
attempting to design narrow spectrum drugs for specific molecular
targets, (Cowan, 1999). While numerous reports exist on the
antimicrobial effects of these plants against some bacteria, only very
few reports exists on the antiviral activity of these plants.
Medicinal herbs have the potential for addressing multiple
targets with minor side effects, development of low resistance due to
selective pressure of infective agents and cost effectiveness, (Cowan,
1999). The antiviral properties are rarely studied using laboratory
based assays to establish their efficacy in traditional medicine,
(Esimone et al., 2005).
Conventional techniques for evaluating antiviral agents
include; Invitro and invivo techniques. Invitro techniques include,
plaque inhibition/reduction assay, virus yield reduction assay,
inhibition of virus induced cytopathic effect, inhibition/reduction of
synthesis of virus specific polypeptides, immunological assays for
detecting viral antigens and viral enzyme inhibition assays, (Fernando et al.,
2008). The invivo methods include the use of ferrets, laboratory mice,
cotton rats and chicken for measuring a number of parameters
indicating the extent of inhibition of infection (Sidewell, 2000).
The embryonated chicken egg system is a standard method for the
propagation and isolation of egg adapted viruses. Antiviral agents
have successfully been screened using embryonated chicken egg as media
for both virus cultivation and inhibition assays, (Heartl et al., 2004).
Newcastle disease is one of the most significant diseases of
importance in the poultry industry in Nigeria, with a morbidity of upto
100% and mortality ranging between 80 – 100% in severe cases,
(Kouwenhoven, 1993). The survived cases of this disease fail to gain
the presumed body weight in case of meat production and show drastic
decrease in egg production during the course of the disease in case of
laying birds. Onset of disease is usually sudden with flock showing
somnolence, diarrhoea, respiratory distress, drop in egg production,
severe prostration and neurological signs which manifest as paralysis
of the legs, twitching of the muscles, torticollis and circling
movement. Disease is highly contagious and persists in poultry flock.
This has posed a major concern for the poultry industry in Nigeria
which has necessitated a search for suitable antiviral agents for these
diseases.
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