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EVALUATION OF FRESH AQUATIC PLANT (Azollapinnata) AND ARTIFICIAL DIET ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE, GASTRIC EVACUATION RATE AND CARCASS COMPOSITION OF NILE TILAPIA (Oreochromisniloticus)

EVALUATION OF FRESH AQUATIC PLANT (Azollapinnata) AND ARTIFICIAL DIET ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE, GASTRIC EVACUATION RATE AND CARCASS COMPOSITION OF NILE TILAPIA (Oreochromisniloticus)

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ABSTRACT

Alternative plant protein sources are generally cheaper compared to animal protein sources and may be the solution to reduce the high dependence of farmers on fish meal due to the limited world supplies and increasing price of fishmeal. This study focuses on growth performance of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromisniloticus); its gastric evacuation rate and carcass composition when fed with fresh aquatic plant and artificial diet.

Azollapinnataand artificial diet (control) were fed at 3% body weight of 90 Oreochromisniloticusweighing 24±1.43g for 56 days (8 weeks) in three treatments T1(artificial diet), T2 (artificial diet 50% and aquatic plant 50%) and T3 (aquatic plant); each having  three replicates. Specific Growth Rate (SGR), Food Conversion Ratio (FCR), Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER), Mean Weight Gain (MWG), Protein Intake (PI) and Length-Weight Relationship were used to determine the growth performance and feed utilization. The serial slaughter method was used to determine Gastric Evacuation Rate (GER) and Gastric Transit Time (GTT). Proximate composition of fish carcass was determined using standard methods. Data were analysed using Descriptive analysis and ANOVA at α0.05.

Fish fed both artificial diet and aquatic plant T2 attained a significantly higher MGW and SGR, and attained the best correlation coefficient value which indicates a good relationship between length and weight. T1 and T2 showed no significant difference in FCR but were significantly lower than T3. The PER showed that T2 was significantly higher than T1 and T3. Duncan’s test of significance indicated that there was no significant difference in the daily feeding rate and GER of Oreocromisniloticusacross the treatments but GTT differed in T3. Fish fed only Azolla, T3 had a GTT of 3 hours where as T1 and T2 was 4 hours. Carcass proximate analysis showed that crude protein of T3 was significantly higher than T1. Fat content of T3 was significantly higher than those of T1 and T2.

Oreohchromisniloticusperformed better when fed with both artificial diet and aquatic plant, it also attained a higher crude protein level and lower moisture content when fed only aquatic plant compared to those fed only artificial diet.

Key words: Oreohchromisniloticus, utlilization of aquatic plant, growth performance, gastric evacuation, carcass composition

CONTENTS

Abstract                                                                                                                                  ii

Acknowledgement                                                                                                                  iv

Dedication                                                                                                                              vi

Certification                                                                                                                            vii

Table of contents                                                                                                                    viii

List of Tables                                                                                                                          xiv

List of Figures                                                                                                                         xv

CHAPTER ONE

1.0       INTRODUCTION                                                                                                     1

1.1       Tilapia culture in Aquaculture                                                                         1

1.2       Fresh Aquatic Plants as Plant Based Protein                                                              3

1.3       Problem statement                                                                                                      3

1.4       Justification of Study                                                                                                 4

1.5       Objectives of Study                                                                                                    4

CHAPTER TWO

2.0       LITERATURE REVIEW                                                                                          5

2.1       Nile Tilapia Culture in Aquaculture                                                                            5

2.2       Oreochromisniloticus                                                                                                  6

2.2.1    Classification of Oreochromisniloticus                                                                       7

2.2.2    The Biology of Nile tilapia (Oreochromisniloticus)                                                    7

2.2.3    Water Quality Parameters for Oreochromisniloticus                                                  9

2.3       Need for Aquatic Plants as Protein Source in Fish Feed                                            10

2.4       Azollapinnata                                                                                                              11

2.4.1    Classification of Azollapinnata                                                                                   12

2.4.2    Ecology, Distribution and Description of Azollapinnata                                            13

2.4.3 Reproduction of Azollapinnata                                                                                      14

2.4.4    Benefits of Azollato Plants                                                                                         14

2.4.5        Use of Azollain Bioremediation                                                                                  15

2.4.6        Use of Azollaas Nutritional Supplement for Livestock Feed                                     16

2.4.7        Use of Azollaas human food and component of space diet                                       18

2.4.8        Beneficial Effects of Azollaon Physio-chemical Properties of Soil                            18

2.4.9        Nutritional values and Chemical evaluation of Azollapinnata                                    19

CHAPTER THREE

3.0       MATERIALS AND METHODS                                                                              22

3.1       Project Site                                                                                                                  22

3.2       Procurement of Nile Tilapia juveniles and artificial feed                                           22

3.3       Procurement and Culture of Fresh Aquatic Plant (Azollapinnata)                             23

3.4       Experimental design and procedure                                                                           23

3.5       Water quality analysis                                                                                                 24

3.6       Proximate analysis of artificial feed and Azollapinnata                                             27

3.6.1    Determination of Ash Content                                                                                   27

3.6.2    Determination of Moisture Content                                                                          28

3.6.3    Determination of Crude fiber                                                                                     29

3.6.4    Determination of Protein Content                                                                              30

3.6.5    Determination of Fat Content                                                                                   31

3.6.6    Amino acid profile analysis of Azollapinnata                                                 32

3.7       Growth indices and Feed utilization indices                                                              32

3.7.1    Mean Weight Gain, MWG (g)                                                                                    32

3.7.2    Total percentage Weight Gain, TWG (%)                                                                  33

3.7.3    Specific Growth Rate (S.G.R) (%)                                                                             33

3.7.4    The Length-Weight Relationship                                                                                33

3.7.5    Condition Factor                                                                                                        34

3.7.6    Total Feed Intake (g) and Protein intake (g)                                                              35

3.7.7    Feed Conversion Ratio (F.C.R)                                                                                 35

3.7.8    Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER)                                                                                 35

3.7.9    Survival rate                                                                                                                35

3.8       Gastric evacuation rate and Carcass composition                                                       36

3.9       Statistical analysis                                                                                                       36

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0       RESULTS                                                                                                                   38

4.1       Azollapinnata reproduction                                                                                         38

4.2       Water quality analysis                                                                                                 38

4.3       Proximate analysis of artificial diet (durante feed)                                                    38

4.4       Proximate composition and amino acid profile of Azollapinnata                               41

4.5       Growth indices                                                                                                           41

4.5.1    Length-Weight relationship                                                                                       45

4.5.2    Condition factor                                                                                                        45

4.6       Feed utilization indices                                                                                               45

4.7       Carcass composition of experimental fish in all treatments                                        51

4.8       Gastric evacuation rate of experimental fish in all treatments                                    51

4.9       Survival rate                                                                                                                51

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0       DISCUSSION                                                                                                                        55

5.1       Azollapinnata reproduction                                                                                         55

5.2       Water quality analysis                                                                                                 55

5.3       Proximate analysis of artificial diet (durante feed)                                                    55

5.4       Proximate composition and amino acid profile of Azollapinnata                               55

5.5       Growth performance                                                                                                   56

5.5.1    Length-Weight relationship                                                                                        56

5.5.2    Condition factor                                                                                                         57

5.6       Carcass composition of experimental fish in all treatments                                        57

5.7       Gastric evacuation rate of experimental fish in all treatments                                    57

5.8       Survival rate                                                                                                                58

5.9       Economic analysis                                                                                                       58

CHAPTER SIX

6.0       CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION                                                      59

6.1       Conclusion                                                                                                                  59

6.2       Recommendation                                                                                                        59

Reference                                                                                                                                60

Appendix                                                                                                                                71

List of Tables

Table 1: Proximate composition of Azolla meal                                                                      20

Table 2: Amino acid composition of Azolla meal                                                                   21

Table 3: Treatments in ratios of Artificial Diet and Aquatic plant                                         25

Table 4: Water quality parameters measured bi-weekly for 8 weeks                                      39

Table 5: Proximate composition of durante fish feed (3g pellet size)                                    40

Table 6: Proximate composition of fresh Azollapinnata plant                                                42

Table 7: Essential Amino acid profile of fresh Azollapinnataplant                                        43

Table 8: Growth performance of Oreochromisniloticuson different treatments                    44

Table 9: Condition factor for all treatments across 8 weeks of feeding experiment              49

Table 10: Protein utilization of Oreochromisniloticuson different treatments                       50

Table 11: Carcass composition of Oreocromisniloticuson different treatments                     52

Table 12: Feeding rates, Gastric evacuation rates (GER) and Gastric Transition

Time (GTT) of Oreocromisniloticus on different treatments                         53

Table 13: Survival and % survival rate of fish in each treatment                                           54

List of figures

Figure 1: Experimental setup                                                                                                  23

Figure 2: Length-weight relationship of T1 across 8 weeks of feeding experiment               46

Figure 3: Length-weight relationship of T2 across 8 weeks of feeding experiment               47

Figure 4: Length-weight relationship of T3 across 8 weeks of feeding experiment               48


CHAPTER ONE

1.0       INTRODUCTION

1.1       Tilapia culture in Aquaculture

Food is a basic necessity of life, second only to air and water. The global food equation recognizes two major components namely; food crop component and animal protein component. Animal protein source include fish, poultry and livestock. Fish consumption in Nigeria is higher due to its comparatively cheaper price compared to protein from other livestock (Okonjiet al., 2013). Available fish for consumption comes from aquaculture and capture fisheries with the capture fisheries becoming less sustainable. Aquaculture is the husbandry of aquatic food organisms (mostly fishes). It involves breeding new fish stock, holding them in captivity and feeding them (Agbebi and Fagbenro, 2006), and it is believed to be a more sustainable source than capture fisheries. Report from the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) stated that Nigeria aquaculture industry produced over 30, 000 tonnes of fish in the year 2000; mostly tilapia (14,388 tonnes) cultivated under intensive and semi-intensive production system. Despite this status, the yield from aquaculture is below optimum when compared with its potential, considering both ecological and socio-economic environment (Fagbenroet al., 2004) because fish culture (mostly tilapia) in Nigeria is predominantly an extensive land-base (earthen pond) system practiced at subsistence level.Tilapias belong to the cichlid family and one of the most productive and internationally traded food fish in the world asproduction of farmed tilapia is among the fastest expanding food sectors in the world (Adams et al., 2014). They are widely cultured in about 100 countries in the tropical and subtropical regions. According to Fagbenroet al., 2011, Nigeria is the second largest producer of farm-raised tilapias in Africa, after Egypt. He also reported that Tilapia culture in Nigeria remained largely a subsistence level activity until 2000, when it began to expand rapidly following the successful commercial farming of catfishes during the last decade (Afolabiet al., 2007; Alfred andFagbenro, 2006). There are over 25 species of tilapias in Nigeria, out of which about six species are used for aquaculture, namely, Tilapiazillii,T. guineensis (generally herbivores,substrate spawners), Sarotherodongalilaeus,S. melanotheron(bi-parental mouth-brooders,planktophagous), Oreochromisniloticus and O. aureus (maternal mouth-brooders, omnivorous).According to Adams et al.,2014,there are basically three systems of culturing tilapia: extensive, semi-intensive and intensive systems.

Mohanty (2004) as cited by Opiyoet al.,2014, reported that in many countries where fish farming is conducted at semi- intensive culture level, more than90% of farmers use on-farm made feeds in order to reduce production cost. The use of nutritionally balanced feeds constitute an unwise use of resources and economically unsoundpractices in semi-intensive aquaculture where external feedinput is expected to supplement natural food production.

Opiyoet al,.2014 reported that development and management of fish feed play avital role in aquaculture growth and expansion. In fact, it is amajor factor that determines the profitability of aquacultureventures.

1.2       Fresh Aquatic Plants as Plant Based Protein

The use of fresh plants as fish feeds has been investigated by several researchers. When fed only on fresh plants in closed systems, growth performance is usually poor; Setlikova and Adamek (2004) reported slow growth of O. niloticus fed Potamogetonpectinatus and Elodeacanadensis and negative growth when offered Spirodelapolyrhiza and Myriophyllumspectrum. In another study, Okeyo and Montgomery (1992) reported negative growth in O. aureus when fed three aquatic macrophytes (Elodeacanadensis, Myriophylumspicatum and Potamogetongramineous). However, improved growth performance was reported by Chowdhuryet al., (2008) in pond reared Oreochromisniloticus when supplemented with duckweed. Similarly, favourable growth rates were reported when T. rendalli was fed Napier grass (Pennisetumpurpureum) (Chikafumbwa, 1996).

1.3       Problem statement

Despite that tilapias require the 10 essential amino acids- EAA (arginine, lysine, histidine,threonine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, methionine, phenylalanine and tryptophan), specific EAArequirements of most farmed tilapias have not been determined. Few studies have consideredEAA requirements of Nile tilapia, Oreochromisniloticus and 0. Mossambicus(El-Sayed, 2004). Traditionally, fishmeal has been used as the major protein source in fish feeds because of its nutritional value and palatability (Nguyen et. al., 2009). Due to the limited world supplies and increasing price of fishmeal, the majority of research on fishmeal replacement with alternative proteins in fish diets has focused on the use of protein derived from plant sources (Enami, 2011).

1.4       Justification of Study

Alternative plant protein sources are generally cheaper compared to animal protein sources. High protein levels are a prerequisite in selecting alternative plant sources, as dietary protein affects the growth performance in tilapia (Musukaet al.,2009). The study would help to know how Azollapinnatais rich in proteins and essential amino acids. This would educate Fish Farmers on how to be more cost effective in production and enhance profit maximization.

1.5       Objectives of Study

The objectives of this study are to;

1.      Determine the effects of fresh aquatic plant (Azollapinnata) and artificial diet on growth performance of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromisniloticus);

2.      Evaluate the gastric evacuation rate and carcass composition of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromisniloticus) fed with aquatic plant (Azollapinnata) and artificial diet.

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