PREVALENCE OF ECTOPARASITES INFESTATION OF CHICKEN IN THREE POULTRY FARMS IN AWKA

PREVALENCE OF ECTOPARASITES INFESTATION OF CHICKEN IN THREE POULTRY FARMS IN AWKA

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Chicken production specifically plays important socio economic roles and significant contributions to human food production. Poultry production is an integral part of a balanced farming system; it has a unique position in the rural household economic supplying high quality protein to the family (Angiereyiriet al., 2015). The poultry population was estimated at around 150 million with a large majority of local chickens and a minority of exotic breeds (FAO, 2000). Following the outbreak, the poultry sector witnessed a brief decline before settling and today despite many problems; the poultry sector is again in expansion (Oscar Agricultural Consultant Limited, 2008). Chicken constitutes about 70% of poultry production and Nigeria produces about 300,000 tons of poultry meat and 650,000 tons in egg per annum while Nigeria poultry association stated that Nigeria produces above 1.25 million tons of egg per year as against 650,000 tons, FAO (2013). It was as well surveyed that most cocks sold in Awka market were derived from the northern states of the country, a strong indication that ectoparasites of chicken may be country-wide problem (Ikpezeet al., 2008). Ectoparasites which are parasites that live on the surface of a host organism (chicken) are mostly invertebrate EG arthropod (insects and arachnids). They are common in the tropics because of the favourable climatic conditions for their development and the poor standards of poultry husbandry (FAO, 2013). Ectoparasitism has been identified as one of the major factors that threaten scavenging village chicken production systems in developing countries (Zumani, 2011). Reports have shown that mortality due to parasitic diseases is higher than those attributed to some poultry viral infectious disease such as New castle disease and fowl pox disease (Nnadi and George, 2010; Opara et al., 2014). Chicken population in Tanzania is estimated to be 56 million involving the free-range chicken and poultry chicken. The free-range production is characterized by low input and low output while the poultry keeping system is characterized by high mortality caused by factors such as ectoparasites, poor management and nutrition (Conroy et al., 2005).  However, common ectoparasites of chicken range from: lice, mites, fleas and ticks (Nnadi and George, 2010). They may constitute a clinical problem and transmit a number of infectious diseases and can also act as a transport to intermediate hosts of a range of helminth parasite (Firolet al., 2014). These external parasites compete for feed or cause distress to the chicken and hence cause anaemia, reduce growth, low egg production and may lead to death. The ticks and mites most especially act as vector of poultry disease such as pastuerellosis, fowl pox, Newcastle disease and possibly Chlamydia. This has been known to result in immuno suppression especially in response to vaccines against some poultry disease. (Nnadi and George, 2010).


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