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ABSTRACT
This project is aim at developing an Automated Hospital Management System using a function-oriented design. Every cooperate organization, institution or government agency requires data and good quality information to function effectively. It is not an over statement to say that many organizations, institutions or government agencies have become critically dependent on the use of database system for their successes especially in the hospital. Data collected from various sources for example telephone, fax, verbal messages, mails etc. are used in decision making, planning and control of operations in management of clients, personnel and recourses. The poor efficiency of the present manual management system in hospitals today results from the inordinate length of time it takes to search for and locate patient folders and the ineffective filling system adopted. In this project the SQL Server database is the database server where the data is sent to and retrieved from while Active Server Pages (.net programming language) is the client which provides the user interface design and the forms used by the doctors, staff and nurses during administration in the office, laboratory, wards, pharmacy, X-ray etc.
TABLE OF CONTENT
TITLE PAGE
I
APPROVAL PAGE
II
DEDICATION
III
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
IV
ABSTRACT
V
LIST OF FIGURES
VI
LIST OF TABLES
VII
TABLE OF CONTENTS
VIII
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1
1.0
Background Information
1
1.1
Classification of Hospital
1
1.1.1 Community Hospitals
1
1.1.2 Teaching Hospital
2
1.1.3
Public Hospitals
3
1.1.4
General Hospital
3
1.1.5
District Hospital
3
1.1.6
Specialized Hospital
3
1.1.7
Clinics
4
1.2
Manual Workflow Of The Hospital
4
1.3
Brief Description Of Hospital Activities
5
1.4
Problems Of The Manual System
6
1.5
Need For Automated System
7
1.6
Project Objectives
8
1.7
The Project Scope
8
1.8
Project Organisation
9
CHAPTER TWO: LITREATURE REVIEW
11
2.0
Literature Review
11
2.1
Evaluation of Healthcare
12
2.2
System Quality
12
2.3
Reliability and Validity of Quality Measures
15
2.4
Cost and Benefit
15
2.5
Service Performance
18
2.6
Time Efficiency
19
2.7
Usability
20
2.8
Legal Aspect
23
2.9
Legal Interoperability
23
2.10
Importance
24
Database
25
2.12
The Need for A Database System
25
2.13
Types of Database System
25
2.14
Non-Integrated Database System
26
2.14.1 Increased Cost
26
2.14.2 Stored Data Inconsistency
27
2.14.3 Redundancy of Data
27
2.14.4 Lack of Data Integrity
27
2.15
Application of Database
27
2.16
Basic Concept in Database Management
System
28
2.16.1 Database Administrator (Dba)
28
2.16.2 Data Model
29
2.16.3 Record
33
2.16.4 Store Field
34
2.16.5 Data Items
34
2.16.6 Data Collection
34
2.17
Components of Database Management System
35
2.17.1 Database Management System Engine
35
2.17.2 Database Definition Subsystem
35
2.17.3 Data Manipulation Subsystem
35
2.17.4 Application Generation Subsystem
35
2.17.5 Data Administration Subsystem
35
2.18
Oracle Database
36
2.18.1 Component of Oracle Database
37
2.19
Hospital Management
38
CHAPTER THREE: SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND
SPECIFICATION
40
3.0
Requirement Analysis and Specification
40
3.1
Requirement Analysis
41
3.2
Data Collection
41
3.3
Data Storage
42
3.4
Data Communication And Manipulation
42
3.5
Data Security
43
3.6
System Cost
43
3.7
Requirement Specifications
44
3.8
Unit Requirement Definition
45
3.9
Function Specification
45
3.10
Hospital Operation Flow System
46
3.11
The Modules Of Automated Hospital
Management System
48
3.11.1 Patient Registration/Carding System
48
3.11.2 Patient History And Record System
50
3.11.3 Nurses Work Bench
51
3.11.4 Doctors Work Bench
51
3.11.5 Appointment/Waiting List Module
52
3.11.6 Doctor’s Diagnostic System
53
3.11.7 Laboratory System/X-Ray
54
3.11.8 Pharmacy
55
3.11.9 Administrative System
55
3.12
Accounting/Billing System
55
3.12.1 Referral System
55
CHAPTER FOUR: SOFTWARE DESIGN
57
4.0
Software Design
57
4.1
Structured Design
58
4.3
System Processing Transformation
59
4.4
Input Transformation
59
4.5
Output Transformation
59
4.6
Entity Relationship Model (Erm) Of the Design
59
4.7
Design Database Schema
62
4.8
Program Design
68
4.9
Laboratory Manager
74
4.10
Report and Analysis
75
4.11
Laboratory
77
4.12
Examination (Nurses Workbench)
77
4.13
Diagnosis (Doctor Workbench)
78
4.14
X-Ray
80
4.15
Billing/Accounting System
80
4.16
Referral System
82
4.17
Death (Nurse/Doctors Workbench)
83
CHAPTER FIVE: IMPLEMENTATION ANDTESTING
84
5.0
Implementation and Testing
84
5.1
Choice of Programming and Testing
84
5.2
The Factors That Influenced the Choice
Of The Asp.Net
85
5.3
Why I Choosed Oracle Database
85
5.4
Why I Need Oracle and Dot.Net Framework
86
5.5
User Interface
87
5.6
Types of User Interface
87
5.6.1
Graphic User Interface
87
5.6.2
Web-Base User Interfaces
87
5.6.3
Command Line Interface
87
5.6.4
Touch User Interface
87
5.6.5
Natural Language Interface
87
5.7
Security
88
5.7.1
Client Software Security
88
5.7.2 Database Server (Oracle) Security
89
Software Testing/Verification
89
5.8.1
Debugging
90
5.8.2
Operational Flow Testing
90
5.8.3
Data Integrity And Format Testing
90
5.8.4
Load Testing
90
5.9
Project Cost
90
CHAPTER SIX: EVALUATION
91
6.0
Evaluation
91
6.1
Achievement
92
6.2
Cost Analysis Of The Project
93
6.3
Recommendation
96
6.4
Conclusion
97
REFERENCES
98
APPENDIX
103
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 BACKGROUND INFORMATION
A hospital is an institution for health care that provides patient treatment by specialized staff and equipment. Usually, hospitals are funded by the public sector, by health organizations (for profit or nonprofit), health insurance companies or charities, including funds by direct charitable donations. Historically, however, hospitals were often founded and funded by religious orders or charitable individuals and leaders. Modern-day hospitals are largely staffed by professional physicians, surgeons, and nurses.
1.1 CLASSIFICATION OF HOSPITAL.
Hospitals are distinguished by their ownership, scope of services, and whether they are teaching hospitals with academic affiliations. Hospitals may be operated as proprietary (for-profit) businesses, owned either by corporations or individuals such as the physicians or they may be voluntary-owned by non-profit corporations, religious organizations, or operated by federal, state, or city governments. Voluntary and non-profit hospitals are usually governed by a board of trustees, selected from among community business and civic leaders, who serve without pay to oversee hospital operations.
1.1.1 COMMUNITY HOSPITALS
Most community hospitals offer emergency services as well as a range of inpatient and outpatient medical and surgical services. Community hospitals, where most people receive care, are typically small, with fifty to five hundred beds. These hospitals normally provide quality care for routine medical and surgical problems.
1.1.2 TEACHING HOSPITALS
Teaching hospitals are those community and tertiary hospitals affiliated with medical schools, nursing schools, or allied-health professions training programs. Teaching hospitals are the primary sites for training new physicians where interns and residents work under the supervision of experienced physicians. Non teaching hospitals also may maintain affiliations with medical schools and some also serve as sites for nursing and allied-health professions students as well as physicians-in-training.
Most teaching hospitals, which provide clinical training for medical students and other health care professionals, are affiliated with a medical school and may have several hundred beds. Many of the physicians on staff at the hospital also hold teaching positions at the university affiliated with the hospital, in addition to teaching physicians-in-training at the bedsides of the patients. Patients in teaching hospitals understand that they may be examined by medical students and residents in addition to their primary "attending" physicians.
1.1.3 PUBLIC HOSPITALS
Public hospitals are owned and operated by federal, state, or city governments. Many have a continuing tradition of caring for the poor. They are usually located in the inner cities and are often in precarious financial situations because many of their patients are unable to pay for services. The federal government matches the states' contribution to provide a certain minimal level of available coverage, and the states may offer additional services at their own expense.
1.1.4 GENERAL HOSPITAL
This is the best type of hospital, it is set up to deal with many kinds of diseases and injuries, and normally has an emergency department to deal with immediate and urgent threats to health.
1.1.5 DISTRICT HOSPITAL
This is the major health care facility in its region, with large numbers of beds for intensive care and long-term care; and specialized facilities for surgery, plastic surgery, childbirth, and bioassay laboratories.
1.1.6 SPECIALIZED HOSPITAL
This is a special type of hospital meant for a particular case like trauma centers, rehabilitation hospitals, children's hospitals, seniors' (geriatric) hospitals, and hospitals for dealing with specific medical needs such as psychiatric problems, certain disease categories such as cardiac, intensive care unit, neurology, cancer center, and obstetrics and gynecology, oncology, or orthopedic problems.
A medical facility smaller than a hospital is generally called a clinic, and often is run by a government agency for health services or a private partnership of physicians (in nations where private practice is allowed). Clinics generally provide only outpatient services.
1.4 PROBLEMS OF THE MANUAL SYSTEM
Lack of immediate retrieval:- The information is very difficult to retrieve and to find particular information e.g. - To find out about the patient’s history, the user has to go through various registers. This results in inconvenience and waste of time.
Lack of immediate information storage: - The information generated by various transactions takes time and efforts to store them.
Error prone manual calculation: - Manual calculations are error prone and takes a lot of time, this may result in incorrect information. For example, calculation of patient’s bill based on various treatments.
Preparation of accurate and prompt reports: - This becomes a difficult task as business intelligence is difficult, this is due to lack of information collation (ability to put information together and analyze them).
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