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ABSTRACT
The elections that are made by using traditional
methods are no longer preferred because of the long period of
preparation, fake voting, faulty voting, mistakes made in counting the
votes, long period of counting and high cost of voting process. In order
to avoid these disadvantages affecting directly the economy and policy
of the country, it is obligatory to carry the available voting system to
an electronic system. Reacting to allegations of widespread voter
impersonation (or “election rigging”, as commonly referred to in
Nigeria) the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) attempted
to conduct audits in several constituencies to determine the extent of
multiple voting and voter impersonation. This should have been possible
by comparing the fingerprints in the voters’ rolls with the fingerprints
captured by polling officials. The audit results were inconclusive -
while there was some evidence of multiple voting, the matter remained
largely unresolved. The main obstacle for an effective audit was the
poor quality of voter verification carried out by polling officials and
the poor quality of ink for fingerprints.
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction
Previously, voting for general and local elections is done by electors
with voting papers and voting boxes in which the voting papers are
placed. This method reveals some kinds of negative situations. Not been
able to determine which party the stamp belongs to, the probability of
placing the voting papers in wrong box, problems with counting the
votes, loss of time when there happens to be some objections, paper
printing and expenditures done for personel are some of the disadvatages
of classical election system. The secret ballot is a fundamental
instrument for protecting the freedom of choice of voters. For this
reason, it is necessary to use new technologies for making the election
system more trustable, economic and faster.
Electronic election
system is set into use in some countries, especially in USA and Europe,
at the beginning of nineties as a result of innovating technology and it
became more trustable by improving itself at the present day.
Electronic voting is an activity of realising the voting in electronic
environment. Electronic election is a system which enables fast counting
by electronic voting.
Electronic voting is used in some
countries in the world and there are also studies about it (Babu and
Padmavathamma, 2006; El-qawasmeh and Owais, 2010;
Folorunso et
al., 2005; Hajjar et al., 2006). Electronic voting is used for
parliamentary elections in Australia in 2001 (Schoen and Faas, 2005),
for student union elections in Austria in 2003 (Prosser et al., 2003),
for municipal elections in Canada in 2003 (Nakhaie, 2006), for both
general and local elections in India in 2003 (Gorla, 2009). As a result
of developments on information technologies in recent years, public
opinion polls and nation-wide general elections will be realized faster
and more effectively on electronic environment.
Nowadays,
security problems are experienced with the fast developing technology.
Besides developing the system, there are also so many studies and new
methods for solving the security problems of the developing system. As a
result of developing technology, individual password is started to be
used to meet the security requirements. In time, new methods are
developed and card technologies are used due to closing the security
holes about burglary of the cards or forgetting the individual
passwords. Usage of the ID cards and Private Identification Numbers
(PIN) become widespread at card technologies (Sonkamble et al., 2010;
Alkan and Bulut, 2010). Researches on security and identification
operations according to physical characteristics are realized due to
limitations of this technology in time.
Biometric systems are
the methods which make identification of people according to their
physical characteristics. Biometric methods consist of fingerprint,
face, hand shape, retina, iris, and voice track methods (Sonkamble et
al., 2010; Kadry and Smaili, 2010; Razzak et al., 2010). These methods
may be used alone or together in the developed systems.
Fingerprint recognition method and ID system in biometric methods are
frequently preferred because applications of them are easy and low-cost
(Maltoni et al., 2009). Fingerprint recognition system is the leading
method because everyone has different fingerprints, can not be changed
easily and probability of loosing, forgeting and stealing of it is
impossible. Besides, every finger has distinctive characteristics
because fingerprints of every finger of a person are different (Altun et
al., 2008).
For this reason, fingerprint method is used mostly
alone or together with other biometric methods for providing security of
the systems. Fingerprint method is also used for identification of the
internet applications.
In this study, biometric authentication
system is aimed instead of traditional election systems. By developing
the deficiencies of the present system, biometric based election system
has been developed.
1.1 Background of the Study
Voting
theory formally began in the 18th century and ever since, many proposal
has been made towards using electronic technologies to improve elections
(Sobia, Ummer, Ayesha, Usman, and Hassan, 2011). One of the essential
features of democracy is Election, democracy encourages individual’s
freedom with respect to the rule of law, so that individuals can express
their opinion the way they wish, giving individuals the opportunity to
decide their leaders, and uninhibitedly express their feelings on
issues. Because of the All-inclusive Affirmation of Human Rights in the
year 1948 that puts import on compelling circumstance of free elections,
countries focused on an improved and new voting process that are of
significance to the election processes in the 21st century (Salomonsen,
2005).
Election is the process that enables individuals to
choose their delegates and express their fellings on the way they will
be administered (Kohno, Rubin, Stubblefield & Wallach, 2003),
(Malkawi, Khasawneh & Al-Jarrah, 2009) and (Ashok & Ummal,
2011).
Nigerian election process has been done manually (voting
for local and general elections done by electors with ballot papers and
ballot boxes in which the papers are placed) since returned to
democratic rule in the year 1999, the manual voting process was
associated with a lot of problems and always resulted to post-election
violence (Yekini, Oyeyinka, Oludipe & Lawal, 2012).
In the
Federal republic of Nigeria, voting system is of two main categories,
Manual Voting System (MVS) and Electronic Voting System (EVS).
The Manual Voting System (MVS) involves presenting eligible citizen with
a list of contestants on a paper called ballot paper, to mark against
their favorite contestants and place the ballot paper in a box called
ballot box, this system of voting is used for senatorial and
governorship election processes in the country. Manual voting system has
some disadvantages, which include possibility of placing the ballot
paper in the wrong ballot box, votes counting problem, loss of time when
there happens to be some objections, paper printing and expenditures
done for personnel, for these reasons, it is necessary to use the new
technologies to make the election system faster, economic and trustable
because the trust that every vote will be tallied and recorded correctly
is the foundation of a genuine democracy (Ademand & Metin, 2011).
The Electronic Voting System (EVS) involves presenting eligible citizen
with a list of contestants on a computer, to select against their
favorite contestants, this system of voting is used for presidential
election in the country. The improvement of information and
communications technologies has allow for a completely computerised
election process whereby counting of vote are carried out in real time,
that the results are automatically out by the end of elections day
(Rubin, 2002).
1.2 Statement of the Problem
With
advances in information and communication technology, issue of security
has gone far beyond ordinary password usage. This project sought to
describe the biometric authentication system, as an improved solution to
the existing voting system of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. The
existing system is however subjected to possible loss of card, failure
to card verification, and unguaranteed voter’s presence at the point and
time of election. Furthermore, the EVS existing system is used for the
presidential election, while manual voting system of ballot paper and
ballot box is used for senatorial and governorship elections.
1.3 Aim and Objectives of the Study
This project aimed at the development of a windows application for the
design and implementation of a biometrics authentication system for
voters and voting process, with an embedded fingerprint, for user’s
authentication to the system.
The following are the objectives of this study:
To study the existing voting method use for election in the country for
senatorial and governorship candidates in elections process.
To design a robust and secured system of voting using fingerprint biometric authentication recognition process.
To implement biometrics system form voters and voting process in the country for senatorial election.
1.4 Significance of the Study
The significance of this project are to improve confidentiality,
integrity and voter’s identification in voting process, to reduce the
time and stress of conducting manual election (senatorial and
governorship), and to provide equal level of security at the election
ground.
1.5 Scope of the Study
This project is purposely
designed for the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC)
election in the Federal Republic of Nigeria to overcome the problem of
illegal activities during election, by making sure only eligible voters
have access to the system, immediately outputting the results of the
election, and ensuring that voters have trust in the process of
election. However, this system can be extended to other electoral system
with little or no modifications.
1.6 Limitations of the Study
Despite all the significance of this project, it is also subjected to
some limitations, which includes the fact that it’s a desktop
application, it cannot be used by the citizens at their convenience but
has to come to the pull for the election, and only a fingerprint reader
from Digital persona Inc. can be used for the enrollment and
verification of user to the system.
1.7 Definition of Term
EVS – On line electronic voting system
E-voting - Electronic Voting
INEC - Independent National Electoral Commission
EVR - Electronic Voter Register
PU - Polling Unit
ICT- Information and communication Technology
ECIL- Federal Election Commission
ES & S - Election systems & software
VVPAT- vote verifiable paper audit trails
PEB- Personal Electronic Ballot
PIN- Personal Identity Number
MBB- Mobile Ballot Box
JBC- judges Booth Controller
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