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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of The Study
One of the recent advances in the world of information technology is the
rapid development of communication which has turned the world into a
global village, we can send mails electronically (e-mail), search for
information (www), buy goods online (e-commerce), withdraw/ transfer
money (e-banking), school online (e-learning); this has affected the
society positively to a great extent, as a result, computerization of
project management should not be exempted in this revolution.
Project Management (PM) is the discipline of planning, organizing, and
managing resources to bring about the successful completion of a
specific project goals and objectives. A project is a finite endeavor
having a specific start and completion date, undertaken to create a
unique product or service which brings about beneficial change or added
value. This finite characteristic of a project stand in sharp contrast
to processes, or operations, which are permanent or semi-permanent
functional works to repetitively produce the same product or service. In
practice, the management of these two systems is often found to be
quite different, and as such requires the development of distinct
technical skills and the adoption of separate management philosophy,
which is the subject of this study.
The primary challenge of project management is to achieve all of the
project goals and objectives while adhering to classic project
constraints usually scope, quality, time and budget. The secondary and
more ambitious challenge is to optimize the allocation and integration
of inputs necessary to meet pre-defined objectives. A project is a
carefully defined set of activities that use resources (money, people,
materials, energy, space, provisions, communication, motivation, etc.)
to achieve its goals and objectives.
Project management is quite often the province and responsibility of an
individual project manager. This individual seldom participates directly
in the activities that produce the end result, but rather strives to
maintain the progress and productive mutual interaction of various
parties in such a way that overall risk of failure is reduced. A project
manager is often a client representative and has to determine and
implement the exact needs of the client, based on knowledge of the firm
they are representing. The ability to adapt to the various internal
procedures of the contracting party, and to form close links with the
nominated representatives, is essential in ensuring that the key issues
of cost, time, quality, and above all, client satisfaction, can be
realized.
Regardless of the approach employed, careful consideration needs to be
given to clarify surrounding project objectives, goals, and importantly,
the roles and responsibilities of all participants and stakeholders. In
software development, this approach is often known as “waterfall
development”, i.e., one series of tasks after another in linear
sequence. In software development many organizations have adapted the
Rational Unified Process (RUP) to fit this methodology, although RUP
does not require or explicitly recommend this practice. Waterfall
development can work for small tightly defined projects, but for larger
projects of undefined or unknowable scope, it is less suited.
The Cone of Uncertainty explains some of this as the planning made on
the initial phase of the project suffers from a high degree of
uncertainty. This becomes specially true as software development is
often the realization of a new or novel product, this method has been
widely accepted as ineffective for software projects where requirements
are largely unknowable up front and susceptible to change. While the
names may differ from industry to industry, the actual stages typically
follow common steps to problem solving “defining the problem, weighing
options, choosing a path, implementation and evaluation.”
1.2 Statement of the Problem
This research work was undertaken to uncover some of the problems with
conventional project management systems. Where project team member meet
on regularly basis to discuss the progress made on the project, team
members are not permitted to travel or engage in activities outside the
cities as work progress is review by physical presence. Using these
conventional method pose lots of constraint on team member as no team
member can focus on other business activities except these is completed.
Thereby slowing the growth of the establishment.
1.3 Aim and Objectives of the Study
In view of the problems mentioned above, this project is aimed at
implementing a web based project management system which will
exclusively:
The objectives of this research study are as listed below;
1. Automate every project carried out in the establishment such as
registering a project , keeping track of project milestones, projects
updates and Asynchronous transfer of message between project team
members.
2. Efficiently handling of project files and secure channel through
which projects will be store, sorted, updated and retrieved.
3. To design a database for the system
4. To implement the system using MySQL and PHP
1.4 Significance of the Study
The significance of this study is to move from manual documentation of
projects to Computerized documentation of projects for easy retrieval,
storage, accuracy and security. This research work will offer the
following advantages to the various departments in the Abiolain
Solutions Limited;
1. Reduced Storage: The cost of commercial property and
the need to store documentation for e.g. retrieval, regulatory
compliance means that paper based project storage competes with people
for space within an organisation. Scanning projects and integrating them
into a project management system can greatly reduce the amount of prime
storage space required by paper.
2. Flexible Indexing: Indexing paper in more than one
way can be done, but it is awkward, costly and time-consuming. Images of
projects stored within a project management system can be indexed in
several different ways simultaneously.
3. Improved, faster and more flexible search: Project
Management Systems can retrieve files by any word or phrase in the
document – known as full text search – a capability that is impossible
with paper.
4. Improved Security: A project management system can
provide better, more flexible control over sensitive projects. Many
project management system solutions allow access to projects to be
controlled at the folder and/or document level for different groups and
individuals. Paper projects stored in a traditional filing cabinet or
filing room does not have the same level of security i.e. if you have
access to the cabinet you have access to all items in it.
5. Disaster Recovery: A project management system
provides an easy way to back-up projects for offsite storage and
disaster recovery providing failsafe archives and an effective disaster
recovery strategy. Paper is a bulky and expensive way to back-up records
and is vulnerable to fire, flood, vandalism and theft.
6. No Lost Files: Lost projects can be expensive and
time-consuming to replace. Within a Project Management System, imaged
projects remain centrally stored when being viewed, so none are lost or
misplaced. New documents are less likely to be incorrectly filed and
even if incorrectly stored can be quickly and easily found and moved via
the full-text searching mechanisms.
7. Digital Archiving: Keeping archival versions of
projects in a project management system helps protect paper documents
that still have to be retained, from over-handling.
1.5 Scope of the Study
This research work is to develop a system capable of handling all
Abiolian Solution Limited task such as creating project, setting time
frame for a project, adding team members to each project, adding project
milestones to each project and asynchronous messages between team
members. The system will also incorporate in its design a feedback
layout between project team an d client as well.
The system will not incorporate in its development all the functions of a
project management system but will focus only on the aforementioned
functionalities. The system will not be responsible for any loss of data
if its environment (network/system installed on) is corrupt.
1.6 Limitations of the Study
During the course of this research work, some constraints were
encountered. Most prevailing among the constraints is the limited time
for the conclusion of the study; other factors considered as challenging
in the cause of this work include the following;
1. Reluctance by the officials to freely give out official information on how projects are being managed
2. Financial implication of the research work.
1.7Definition of Terms
Project: A project is a research or design which is carefully planned to
achieve a particular aim under a specified time constraint.An ongoing
project is usually called (or evolves into) a program.
Milestone: A significant event in the project, usually completion of a
major deliverable. A milestone, by definition, has duration of zero and
no effort.
Computerization: The act of introducing a computer system or of changing from a manual to a computer system.
Action Plan: A description of what needs to be done, when and by whom,
to achieve the results called for by one or more objectives. It contains
task assignments, schedules, and resource allocations.
Assumption: There may be external circumstances or events that must
occur for the project to be successful (or that should happen to
increase your chances of success). If you believe that the probability
of the event occurring is acceptable, you could list it as an
assumption. An assumption has a probability between 0 and 100%. That is,
it is not impossible that the event will occur (0%) and it is not a
fact (100%). It is somewhere in between. Assumptions are important
because they set the context in which the entire remainder of the
project is defined. If an assumption doesn’t come through, the estimate
and the rest of the project definition may no longer be valid.
Closure: The act of completing a project or a phase of a project, either
because it has been completed or because it’s being terminated early.
Corrective Action: This is an action taken to eliminate the causes of an
existing non-conformity or other undesirable situation. Changes made to
bring expected future performance of a project.
Cost Management: The function required to maintain effective financial
control of a project through the processes of evaluating, estimating,
budgeting, monitoring, analyzing, forecasting, and reporting the cost.
Critical path: The sequence of activities that must be completed on
schedule for an entire project to be completed on schedule. Each task on
the critical path is called a critical task.
Data: A collection of facts made up of numbers, characters and symbols
stored on computers in such a way that it can be processed by the
computers.
Gantt chart: A Gantt chart is a bar chart that depicts activities as
blocks over time. The beginning and end of the block correspond to the
beginning and end-date of the activity. It is a project management tool.
Information: Important and useful facts obtained as output from a computer by means of process input data with a program.
Program:A Software designed for a certain use, such as word processing,
electronic made, or spreadsheet entries. Sometimes it is called
application.
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