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Abstract
Corn can be harvested to produce ethanol. Credit: Warren Gretz
Unlike other renewable energy sources, biomass can be converted directly into liquid fuels – biofuels – for our transportation needs (cars, trucks, buses, airplanes, and trains). The two most common types of biofuels are ethanol and biodiesel.
Ethanol is an alcohol, the same found in beer and wine. It is made by fermenting any biomass high in carbohydrates (starches, sugars, or celluloses) through a process similar to brewing beer. Ethanol is mostly used as a fuel additive to cut down a vehicle’s carbon monoxide and other smog-causing emissions. But flexible-fuel vehicles, which run on mixtures of gasoline and up to 85% ethanol, are now available.
Biodiesel is made by combining alcohol (usually methanol) with vegetable oil, animal fat, or recycled cooking greases. It can be used as an additive to reduce vehicle emissions (typically 20%) or in its pure form as a renewable alternative fuel for diesel engines.
Other biofuels include methanol and reformulated gasoline components. Methanol, commonly called wood alcohol, is currently produced from natural gas, but could also be produced from biomass. There are a number of ways to convert biomass to methanol, but the most likely approach is gasification. Gasification involves vaporizing the biomass at high temperatures, then removing impurities from the hot gas and passing it through a catalyst, which converts it into methanol.
Most reformulated gasoline components produced from biomass are pollution-reducing fuel additives, such as methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) and ethyl tertiary butyl ether (ETBE).
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SIMILAR ECONOMICS FINAL YEAR PROJECT RESEARCH TOPICS
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1. AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF THE FOREIGN EXCHANGE RATE PREMIUM IN NIGERIA (1970-2007).
» CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY The causes, effects and policy implications of the parallel economy, in both developed and develo...Continue Reading »Item Type & Format: Project Material - Ms Word | 52 pages | Instant Download | Chapter 1-5 | ECONOMICS DEPARTMENT
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2. A REGRESSION ANALYSIS ON THE IMPACT OF PER CAPITA INCOME ON THE HEALTH CARE COST (A CASE STUDY OF UNIVERSITY OF UYO TEACHING HOSPITAL)
» CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1. Background of the study Per capita income in Nigeria as we all know has a lot to do with the day to day live of Nigerian...Continue Reading »Item Type & Format: Project Material - Ms Word | 52 pages | Instant Download | Chapter 1-5 | ECONOMICS DEPARTMENT
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3. MONETARY EFFECTS OF BANKING CRISIS IN NIGERIA
» CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background to the Study According to Cecchetti, Kohler and Upper (2009), banking crises have plagued the world for centur...Continue Reading »Item Type & Format: Project Material - Ms Word | 268 pages | Instant Download | Chapter 1-5 | ECONOMICS DEPARTMENT
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4. ECONOMIC GROWTH AND TAX ADMINISTRATION (TAX JUSTICE, REVENUE) IN NIGERIA
» CHAPTER ONE 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY Taxation is one of the oldest means by which the cost of providing essential services for the gen...Continue Reading »Item Type & Format: Project Material - Ms Word | 66 pages | Instant Download | Chapter 1-5 | ECONOMICS DEPARTMENT
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5. IMPACT OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE ON THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF NIGERIA
» CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the study International trade is the exchange of capital, goods, and services across international borders ...Continue Reading »Item Type & Format: Project Material - Ms Word | 61 pages | Instant Download | Chapter 1-5 | ECONOMICS DEPARTMENT
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6. THE IMPACT OF NATIONAL POVERTY ERADICATION PROGRAMME (NAPEP) ON ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF NIGERIA
» CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY The concept of poverty and material deprivation is a critical one in contemporary social discussi...Continue Reading »Item Type & Format: Project Material - Ms Word | 63 pages | Instant Download | Chapter 1-5 | ECONOMICS DEPARTMENT
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7. HOUSING FINANCE IN NIGERIA: ISSUE AND SOLUTIONS
» Abstract This study is on housing financing in Nigeria: issue and solutions. The total population for the study is 200 staff of selected mortgage bank...Continue Reading »Item Type & Format: Project Material - Ms Word | 52 pages | Instant Download | Chapter 1-5 | ECONOMICS DEPARTMENT
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8. CAUSE AND EFFECT OF YOUTH UNEMPLOYMENT IN NIGERIA
» Abstract The rate of unemployment has risen in the last decade in most of the sub Saharan African countries. The situation in Nigeria is rapid populat...Continue Reading »Item Type & Format: Project Material - Ms Word | 62 pages | Instant Download | Chapter 1-5 | ECONOMICS DEPARTMENT
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9. IMPACT OF FOREIGN AID ON SAVING IN NIGERIA
» CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Fundamentally, two opposing views have emerged in development economics on the topic of macroecon...Continue Reading »Item Type & Format: Project Material - Ms Word | 78 pages | Instant Download | Chapter 1-5 | ECONOMICS DEPARTMENT
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10. AN ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPACT OF POVERTY REDUCTION PROGRAMMES IN NIGERIA AS A DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY
» ABSTRACT This study assessed the impact of poverty reduction programmes as a development strategy in Nigeria. The study first of all examined issues o...Continue Reading »Item Type & Format: Project Material - Ms Word | 53 pages | Instant Download | Chapter 1-5 | ECONOMICS DEPARTMENT