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ABSTRACT
The purpose of the study was to examine the perceived
effect of motivational tools on student-athletes performance in some
selected tertiary institutions in Lagos state. A total of one hundred
and twenty respondents were selected from two tertiary institutions in
Lagos state using a stratified random sampling technique to select sixty
student-athletes from Lagos state university and university of Lagos.
The study adopted a descriptive research design and the instrument used
for data collection was a self-structured questionnaire. The data
collected were analyzed using simple percentage and chi-square (x2) 0.05
level of significance. Two hypotheses were stated and both were
rejected. The findings revealed the following: Financial incentives have
significant effect on student-athletes performance in Lagos state
tertiary institutions. Non-financial incentives have significant effect
on student-athletes performance in Lagos state tertiary institutions.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
Sport
is a formalized phase of play and games. It is an organized,
competitive, entertaining, and skillful activity requiring commitment,
strategy and fair play, in which a winner or loser can be defined by
objective means (Harper, 2008). Sport is an incredibly important
contributor to human nature in our society. It has developed to become a
powerful political and social tool used for the advancement of
societies around the world. Sport at any level will replace the
necessary competitive edge in an individual and kindle the fire of
dedication and hard work.
Sport in educational institutions is
one of the oldest traditions in higher education. To this day, most
institutions of higher education have intercollegiate sport programmes
which means that a large number of students–athletes exist on campuses
(Michael and Nancy, 2004). Many developing countries in which Nigeria
is one, have been relatively successful in international sports.
Nigeria’s success is notable in various international sports and this
makes it imperative for the country to start thinking about how to
improve and sustain the performance of her athletes for continued
success right from the tertiary institutions. Biddel (2004) suggests
that, athletes who are well motivated are more likely to continue
participating than those who are not well motivated. He further stressed
that, a highly motivated athlete would be more eager to give a better
performance than a lowly motivated one with same skills. If an athlete
is not in a positive psychological state, mistakes will be made in the
performance and he/she will not perform at the best level (Woods, 2007).
The impacts of tertiary institutions sport in Nigeria has come
under increasing focus in recent years especially when comparison is
made between them and those in United States of America, England,
Australia, China etc where it is believed that such institutions make
constant research into sports performance of world standard. However,
the not too impressive level and poor performance of student-athletes in
Lagos State tertiary institutions are boiled down to the type of
motivational tools been used and its effect on their performance,
particularly when valued by the recipients. These tools influence
motivation in student–athletes and increases participation, interest,
development, skill acquisition and quality of performance. These tools
can be regarded as rewards or incentives (financial or non-financial).
Financial incentives includes bonus, cash donations from sponsors,
monetary allowance for athletes in training camp etc. Non-financial
incentives include scholarship, insurance policy, material gifts,
medals, awards, verbal or non-verbal encouragements (praises, smile),
trophy tours, public recognition, media recognition etc.
It is
appropriate for youth competitive sport to include rewards or incentives
just as they are included in higher level of competition. It is
essential for administrators and coaches to provide athletes with
support / reward for their self-referenced achievement. These tools
mentioned above seems to be important to both learning and performance
of skills because it relates to the amount of encouragement and
remuneration received for taking part in sporting activities (Lawler,
1992). In April 2002, Delta State Government reward its coaches and
athletes for coming second in final medals table of the 13th National
Sports Festival in Edo State and made some promises ahead of the 14th
National Sport festival in Abuja. This appreciation in anticipation
motivated the athletes and they eventually came first in Abuja 2004,
final medals table (Vanguard, 2004).
Mshelia (1990) opines that
talented student–athletes in West African universities require
incentives like money, scholarship, insurance policy, media recognition,
material gifts and presents to keep them active in sports. Eniola
(1998) attributed that student-athletes should be provided with
financial incentives for participating in one sports or the other
because it goes a long way in motivating the athletes. The athlete may
see it as a means of settling other monetary responsibilities.
Athletes feel secured and safe when they are covered with a life
assurance or accident relief insurance policy. Since it has been said
that whoever participate in sport is already taking a risk of being
injured or death (such as the case of Samuel Okwaraji of Nigeria, Marc
Vivien Foe of Cameroon and Dani Jarque of Spain), provision of insurance
policies for athletes is of paramount importance.
Athletes are
well motivated to participate in competitions when they are rest assured
that if they sustain any injury they will be taken care of. Also, with
the provision of insurance policies, athletes have the instinct that
their future is bright and in the case of any accident in the course of
participation, they will not be neglected by the authorities or
organizers in charge. Tartary institutions should acquire group accident
insurance for their athletes because the intensity of competitive
sports is very high, thus higher risk is being taken. According to
Onifade and Fasan (1991), athletes provided with gifts and presents as
rewards for a certain performance will strive hard to perform better in
subsequent competitions. Gifts and presents given to athletes for
qualitative performance motivate other upcoming athletes to emulate or
even supersede them.
In 2003, Enyimba international Football club of
Aba, Nigeria, won the CAF Champions league, and the players and coaches
were given a car each. This motivated the players and coaches’ even
better that they won the competition in the following year. Other gifts
and presents used for motivation include phones, electronic items (T.V.
D.V.D etc) beverages, sporting equipments etc. These gifts and presents
sometimes come from sponsors or philanthropists. Athletes can also be
motivated by match bonus and goal bonus. Match bonus is given to every
member of a team after winning or drawing a match, and it is sometimes
given even when they are defeated depending on the circumstances or
after the performance of the team has been evaluated. On the other hand,
the bonus given for goal scored either goes to the team or the player
that scored the goal. Bonuses are financial incentives because they are
usually paid in cash. Media recognition via print and electronic media
companies plays a significant role in sports. Journalist tends to
report and telecast athlete or athletes that are performing well in
competitions and this goes a long way in motivating athletes to put up a
high performance in any competition. Athletes that are on top of
their game usually appear on the pages of newspapers and attend live
sport programmes on radio and T.V stations, locally and internationally.
Media assessment propagates the athletes to concentrate on the sport in
which they partake in, knowing fully well that poor performance will be
criticized by the media and quality performance will be praised which
will in turn increase the value of such athlete locally and
internationally.
Awarding of scholarship is also an important
motivational tool in tertiary institutions for student-athletes. It is
the most common way of motivating student-athletes that performed well
in inter-tertiary sport competitions. Most tertiary institutions award
scholarship to student–athletes that return from inter-tertiary sports
competitions (NUGA, WAUG, WUGA) with a medal. These scholarships take
care of their tuition fees for that academic session or subsequent ones.
All these incentives or rewards were meant to boost and sustain the
performance of this special population called student-athlete in sports
competitions organized for tertiary institutions. This study therefore,
shall investigate the perceived effect of motivational tools on
student-athletes performance in some sleeted tertiary institutions in
Lagos State.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
This study seeks to
examine the variational influence of motivational tools (financial and
non-financial incentives) on student–athletes performance, since it has
been generally established over the years that motivation influences
athletes’ performance. To some people, athletes are better motivated to
perform when the factors involved are internal i.e. from within, such as
determination to win, will power to excel etc while some other people
are of the opinion that external motivational factors such as rewards or
incentives (financial or non-financial) motivate athletes better.
Therefore, the problem of this study is that there is no clear cut as
regards the influence of internal and external motivational tools on
student-athletes performance. In this regard, the study shall
investigate the influence of these motivational tools on
student–athletes performance in some selected tertiary institutions in
Lagos State.
1.3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
The
purpose of this study was to show the perceived effect of motivational
tools such as bonus, cash donations from sponsors, monetary allowance
in training camp, scholarship, insurance policy, material gifts and
presents, awards, verbal or non-verbal encouragement , public
recognition and media recognition on the performance of student–athletes
in some selected tertiary institutions in Lagos State, as well as the
techniques and strategies to be employed in preparing the athletes for a
desirable performance.
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
1.
Will financial incentives have any effect on student-athletes
performance in some sleeted tertiary institutions in Lagos State?
2.
Will non-financial incentives have any effect on student-athletes
performance in some selected tertiary institutions in Lagos State?
1.5 RESEARCH HYPOTHESES
The following hypotheses were tested in the study:
Ho1:
Financial incentives has no significant effect on student – athletes
performance in some selected tertiary institutions in Lagos State
Ho2:
Non-Financial incentives has no significant effect on student-athletes
performance in some selected tertiary institutions in Lagos State.
1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This
study is an addition to existing knowledge in the field of sports, and
physical education. It also serves as a basis for further studies as
regards the influence of motivational tools (financial and non-financial
incentives) on athletes’ performance. The study will be of great
benefit to sport managers and coaches as well as administrators as it
will reveal the extent to which the above mentioned motivational tools
influences athletes performance. Moreso, the institutions, and sports
councils shall also find the results of this study as a timely
springboard to approach the management on obstacles impeding the
performance of their athletes in inter-tertiary competitions such as
Nigeria Colleges of Education Games (NICEGA), Nigeria Polythecnic Games
(NIPOGA), Nigeria University Games (NUGA), West Africa University Games
(WAUG) and World University Games (WAGA).
1.7 DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY
This study was delimited to:
(1) Two selected Lagos State Tertiary Institutions
(a) Lagos State University, Ojo
(b) University of Lagos, Akoka
(2)
Perceived effect of motivational tools on student-athletes performance
in the above mentioned institutions was sampled through questionnaires.
(3) One hundred and twenty respondents were selected as sample for the study.
(4) The subject of the study included student-athletes (male and female) in each of the institutions
(5) Data were collected by the use of self-developed questionnaire.
1.8 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
The
respondents felt bored in responding to the research instrument
(questionnaire) due to its quantity because it contains two sections (A
and B) but the researcher ensured that he persuaded them to patiently
respond to the questionnaire.
1.9 OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS
Goal: An object of effort, target of achievement over a period of time.
Success: An accomplishment or achievement of purpose.
Student-athlete: Refers to students who combine sports participation and their academic undertakings in tertiary institution.
Performance:
This refers to the measure of achievement in training and competition
by an individual or team or institution in terms of quantity and quality
of output.
Motivation: The force setting a person into action and sustaining it until a particular target is achieved.
Sport: A competitive situation of a formalized phase of game.
Inter-tertiary sports: This implies various academic institutions for their students.
Tools:
These are incentives (financial and non-financial) used to boost and
sustain the performance of students –athletes during training and
competition.
Technique: Methods of performance, it is the strategy used in teaching certain skills.
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