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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study
Origin of English language: English
language originated in the North Western Europe, going by the history of the
English. It is therefore said to have involved from the Germanic branch of
Indo-European language family. Apart from having the widest geographical
spread, the indo-European language family is spoken by the greatest number of
people. The language was first spoken by various tribes in Denmark and Northern
Germany.Uchechukwu (2008) said that, the word English is used to denote the
name of people. By the time of the Northern conquest (1066) English was the
name for all the inhabitant of English.
Of all the heritage left behind in Nigerian by
the British at the end of the colonial administration, probably none is more
important than the English. English language is now the language of government,
internal, business and commerce, education, the mass media, ENEH (2008)
observed that, English was the name for all the inhabitants of England. He also
observed that English language is the name for all subject in Nigeria except
Igbo language. This observation is a reality because since we gained
independence from the British people, English has been enjoying a high status
within the Nigeria society. English language is not only used in Nigeria
but also has domains of usage in international levels too. Paul (2005) said
that, English is flexible enough to be used for the most trivals conversation
or for transacting the most important affairs of the day. Thus, it is English
language that gives Nigeria opportunity to take part in the deliberation and
decisions in international organization such as united nation organization
common wealth of nation, world health organization.In Nigeria, English serves
several purposes that are very important to her existence. It is the lingua
franca of the country and the official language in the society due to multi
ethnic groups that speak different language. For this diversity of language,
Nigeria needs one language that will bridge the linguistic barriers among its
component states. The choice of such language (English) has been made for
Nigeria by the British colonial administration; Uchechukwu (2008) observed
that, English is spoken by more than a quarter of a billion people. It is
becoming increasingly popular as a second language for non-English speaking
people throughout the work. Thus, English is regarded as a second language.
Nigeria civil service, government establishment armed forces, the public and
judiciary system English is the prescribed language of communication among the
various ethnic groups with different language background. In social gathering,
English is used among people for social interaction.
Uchechukwu (2008) observed that, apart from
English language having the widest geographical spread, that the language is
spoken by the greatest number of people. It is becoming increasingly popular as
a second language for non-English speaking people throughout the word. It is a
language that uses more than a million symbols. It is flexible enough to be
used for the most trivia conversation or for transaction. The most important
affairs of the day, it can be used for recording scientific data with accuracy
and precision or for creating a poem expressing a beautiful thought in words
that are pleasing to the ear.
Literature books so far produced in Nigeria are
written in English. This includes, works of Wole Soyinka, Mrs. Edith Eze,
Chinua Achebe, Christopher Okigbo and so on. They are highly claimed
internationally.
In education, it is used as a means of
instruction in school and it is introduced as a school subject in the
university level. School subjects in the first year in primary school up to the
university level. School subject like, biology, history, government,
mathematics and so on are thought in English. This means that scientific
knowledge of the word is through English language, which he learns in the
school. Thus, English language plays a role in our society. In education homes,
English is used as the common language to impact knowledge to younger ones.
Gradually the younger ones will develop fluent speech in English from their
parents.
It is true that English is a lingua franca, the
main official language and the second language (L2) for Nigerian children, but
only a small percentage of the Nigerian population have access to it and use it
in communication. And the small percentage of the people who use English in
Nigeria, only negligible proportion of them may be said to speak and writes
Standard English like the educated native speakers of the language. As Anibueze
(2000) observed that at a pre-school age, native speakers have usually acquired
unconsciously the basic sentence structure of English language. It may not
necessarily be the standard language, but it is one in which the child is
relatively competent. Since a large number of Nigeria population who use
English language acquire it through the form school systems, the poor standard
of their English can be ascribed in school, especially secondary school by
those concern teachers and student who sat for general certificate of education
examination (G.C.E) at community High School Ekwegbe (C.H.S.) in October 2009
and the data collected confirmed that ninety five percent of the students book
the examination because of failure in English language.Related to poor teaching
and learning strategies adopted in school. Onyejeli 2008 states five basic
principles of learning/teaching English language. Firstly, the teacher should
be very clear to what he/she is teaching the students because, it is a regular
usage. Secondly, the teacher should start the teaching of English from
listening and speaking before reading and writing will follow. Thirdly, the
teacher should tell them the important of materials because they are learning
it as a second language. Fourthly, the teacher should tell them the important
of revision of skill learned to identify mistakes. Fifthly the teacher when
teaching should create much time and patience because he/she is teaching
English language to a second language learner.
Infact, the status of English language in
Nigeria and the secondary school have attracted the problems of the researchers
to investigate the problems of teaching and learning of English.The method of
language teaching and learning strategies, the method and strategies used by
some teachers of English pose problems to the learners of the language by the
students teachers of English should understand the meaning of the word “teach”
that is to acquire knowledge or to perform an act. Any methods used by the
teacher should aim at enabling the child acquire knowledge of doing something.
There are eight ways by which a teacher can make his student acquire knowledge,
each slightly different from the other but all tending to produce the same
results in varying degrees. He can make him learn it, he can inform him,
instruct him, train him, lecture him or educate him. Each approach has its
peculiar connotation and its effect on the relationship between the teacher and
the pupils. The methods learn it puts efforts on the student and makes the
achievement more long-lasting and more effective. The other methods, especially
“teach” put the responsibility on the teacher. This is why it is necessary for
teacher to learn how to use different material to teach in the classroom.
English language should be practiced for effective learning.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
This is a wide spread feeling that the
standard of English language is rapidly a great problems to the educationist
especially specialist teachers of English language. The student find it
difficult to the English language as a medium of expression in many social
gatherings or in their academic purposes. They make a lot of grammatical
mistakes when speaking or writing English.We have shortage of specialist
teachers in the educational system cannot be over-emphasized. The successful
implementation of the curriculum in each of the school subjects which depends
to a large extent on availability of specialist teachers in the English has led
to employment of graduates from other disciplines such as mass communication to
teach English language in some secondary schools. This constitutes a serious
problem to the teaching and learning of English language in secondary
schools.
Since the most important factor in the teaching
learning process is the teacher, there is a great need to train more teachers
in English language. Teachers provide back ground experiences for their
students and also determine their academic achievement.
Hence the need arises to ascertain mother
tongue, physical and psychological problems, insufficient time allotted to
English time table, inadequate supply of teaching material and shortage of
specialist teachers of English hinder the teaching and learning of English as a
second language in secondary schools in Igbo Etiti local government area of
Enugu state.
1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The
purpose of this study includes
i. To know if there is any problem in the time
allotted to the teaching and learning of English language as a second language.
ii. Find out how lack of teaching and learning
material has contributed problems in the teaching and learning of English
language.
iii. To ascertain the effect of shortage of
specialist teachers on the teaching of English language as a second language.
1.4 RESEARCH HYPOTHESES
For the successful completion of the study, the following research hypotheses were formulated by the researcher;
H0: there is no problem in the time allotted to the teaching and learning of English language as a second language
H1: there is problem in the time allotted to the teaching and learning of English language as a second language
H02:lack of teaching and learning material does not contribute to the problems in the teaching and learning of English language
H2:lack of teaching and learning material contribute to the problems in the teaching and learning of English language
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The study on the problem of teaching and learning of the English as a second language in secondary school in Igbo Etiti local government area of Enugu state will help the teacher of English to know the strategies to adopt in.Improving their acquisition of skill in English language through this study too, the educational policy makers and the administration will know the resources to be provided in school so as to improve the teaching and learning of English.
1.6 SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
The researchers limited their study to
junior secondary III and senior secondary III in twenty secondary schools, six
boys secondary schools, eight girls secondary schools and six co-educational
schools in Igbo Etiti local government area of Enugu state. The problems
include; mother tongue interference, inadequate supply of instructional
materials method used by the teachers to teach the language shortage of
specialist teachers, student physical and psychological problems and
insufficient time allotted to English language in the school time table. In the
course of the researchers work, the researchers encountered some problems. One
of the problems was uncooperative attitude of some respondents. The researcher
found it difficult to gain access to the class room to distribute their lessons
or limit the time for their lessons. Some teachers and students were reluctant
in filling the questionnaire and this affected their responses. The researchers
are living far away from the sampled schools and could not travel frequently to
the schools to be present when some teachers responded to the questionnaire
since some of them choose to do it at their convenient time.
The presence of the researchers would have
helped to clarify some misconception to the respondents.
1.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS
PROBLEMS:
It can be defined as something that is very difficult to deal with or
understand.
TEACHING: It is a way of given lessons in a class to a learner.
It is also a way to show someone how to do something.
ENGLISH: It is the language of England, use in many varieties
throughout the word.
LANGUAGE: This can be said to be human or the communication of
all creature through the structural use of word. It is also a system of symbols
and rules for writing something.
SECOND: Learn as an imitation or learned from others.
SECONDARY: School of children from the age of 11 to 16 or 18.
LEARNER: One who gain knowledge or skill of future changes in
good behaviour.
1.8 ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY
This research work is organized in five chapters, for easy understanding, as follows
Chapter one is concern with the introduction, which consist of the (overview, of the study), historical background, statement of problem, objectives of the study, research hypotheses, significance of the study, scope and limitation of the study, definition of terms and historical background of the study. Chapter two highlights the theoretical framework on which the study is based, thus the review of related literature. Chapter three deals on the research design and methodology adopted in the study. Chapter four concentrate on the data collection and analysis and presentation of finding. Chapter five gives summary, conclusion, and recommendations made of the study
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