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ABSTRACT
The purpose of this research is to apply Remote Sensing and
GIS in land use management of Greater Karu Urban Area, Nasarawa State.
Specific objectives are to; create land use/cover map of the study area
from 1972 to 2012, determine the rate and magnitude of change, determine
the suitability of the land for different uses and determine the extent
of encroachment into the approved setback areas. Landsat MSS, TM, ETM
and Spot-5 satellite imagery of 1972, 1987, 2000 and 2012 were used. A
supervised classification approach using ILWIS 3.3 version was also
used. Six categories of land use/cover types were generated as follow:
built up areas, water bodies, agricultural land, vegetation, rock out
crops and bare surfaces. Euclidean distance and weighted overlay from
spatial analyst tool of ArcGIS 9.3 software was used for the suitability
analysis using Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis and Analytical
Hierarchical Process. The guidelines in line with Land Use Act Cap 202
of 1990 and the Nigeria Urban and Regional planning Act of 1990 to
monitor and control all developments approved setbacks was adopted.
Results from the analysis revealed the Increase in built up area
resulted to changes in other land use/cover categories between 1972 and
2012 as follow: natural vegetation has drastically decline from 68.9% to
52.9% between 1972 and 1987. It further decline from 34.3% to 25.4%
between 1997 and 2012. Agricultural land witnesses an increase from 8.7%
to19.1% between 1972 and 1987. Thereafter, decreases from 25.9% to
15.2% between 1997 and 2012. Bare surfaces witness an increase from 7.8%
to 9.1% between 1972 and 1987. Further decrease from 12.2% to 11.6% was
observed between 1997 and 2012. Rock outcrops increases from 2.9% to
3.0% between 1972 and 1987. Further increase was experienced from 3.0%
to 3.1% between 1997 and 2012 Water bodies covers 10.6% in 1972 and
decrease to 6.1% 1987 before increasing to 7.7% in 1997 and subsequent
decrease by 5.8% in 2012. The most dramatic increase experienced in
built-up area is shown from 1990 to 2012, coinciding with the relocation
of the FCT from Lagos to Abuja in 1991. This result to haphazard
development and encroachment of built up areas into the approved setback
of road network and water bodies are as follow: Highway; 2.5468 Sqkm,
local distributors: 1.305 Sqkm, access roads/streets; 1.345 Sqkm rivers,
48Sqkm. It thus recommends the Nasarawa State Government and planners
to use the final suitability maps for discussions and decision making in
development of the area. At the absent of that, the final suitability
map is recommended to guide development in the area.
1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
Land
is the foundation of all forms of human activity. From it humans obtain
the food, shelter and the space to work and relax. Land is amongst
man‟s most valuable resources. It is a means of life on which our
continued existence and progress depends (Dale, Peter and John, 1988).
Land is man‟s most valuable resource. It is the means of life without
which he could never have existed and on which his continued and
progress depend. Land is a term with many meanings. To the physical
geographer it is a landscape produced from natural processes, the
product of geological and geomorphologic process. To the economist it is
a resource which along with capital and labour is to be exploited in
order to achieve economic production and development or conserved to
guarantee future biodiversity. To the lawyer land is a volume of space
stretching notionally from the centre of the earth to the infinite in
the sky, and associated with it are a variety of rights which determine
what may be done with it. To many it is simply the space for human
activities as reflected in the many different forms of land use.
FAO
(1976) defined land as a delineable area of the earth‟s terrestrial
surface, involving all attributes of the biosphere immediately above or
below this surface, including those of the near-surface climate, the
soil, the terrain forms, the surface hydrology (including shallow lakes,
rivers, marshes, and swamps) and associated ground water and
geo-hydrological reserve, the plant and animal populations, the human
settlement pattern and physical results of past and present human
activity. Land comprises the physical environment of the earth‟s surface
from soils, topography and underlying geology, hydrology, plant and
animal population and vegetation, with their influence on potential land
use (Harcombe, 2010).
Land is required for various uses in both the
urban and rural areas. It is a major factor of production and a vital
element in the socio-economic development of any country (Dent and
Young, 1981). Studies have emphasized that the quality of land is an
important factor for various land uses, thus as nations grow in size and
rural areas become urban centers and urban centers become large
metropolitan areas, there is always increase in competition and demand
of land for different purposes. This requires adequate management to
ensure harmonious development and functional efficiency of these uses
(Sodeinde, 2002). Human use of land has been proved to alter the
structure and functioning of the ecosystem. The most spatially and
economically important human use of land globally include cultivation,
construction, reserves, protected lands and timber extraction. Recently
settlements are becoming large active land use changes especially in the
developing regions of the world. This calls for effective land use
management (Amos, 1986).
The need for thoughtful and careful
stewardship of the land, together with the more intensive use and
management of its resources has emerged as a matter of major global
concern due to the rapid growth of population that have caused
increasing pressure on land, while simultaneously a massive migration of
people to cities and towns has led to the uncontrolled growth of urban
centers (Dele et al., 1988). Land use management as discussed widely by
Mabogunje (1992); Durand-Lasserve (1990) and Kombe (1995) is conceived
as processes involving different stakeholders in planning, facilitation
and controlling land use and subsequent activities in view of
sustainable development.
Land use management entails decision
making and the implementation of decisions about land. Land use
management involves making fundamental policy decisions about the nature
and extent of investment. The scope of land use management involves
private and public sectors who develop and make use of land; law which
sets out rules and procedures in the management system; agencies which
make decisions on how land may be used at various levels of government;
plans which inform decisions on how land may be used (Nags and Kudrat,
1998). The content of land use management can be described in terms of
three value sets (ecological, social and market values) that must be
brought into balance by land planning (Sui, 1992). The analysis of land
characteristics in identification of land suitable for development can
play an essential part in the planning process. Among the many concerns
of urban planners in guiding the spatial arrangement of activities is
the optimum utilization of land for the benefit of society (Shuaib,
2005). This involves making choices between available alternatives and
as such it requires a procedure for the analysis of available
alternatives. Alternatives for development usually start though not
necessarily with consideration for buildable land. “i.e. land on which
if developments are installed would not have detrimental or adverse
effects on the environment”. The process of identifying such land is the
assessment of the fitness of tracks of land for development. Land
suitability analysis requires integration of several data sets to model
land use requirements and the characteristics of the land for the
alternatives (Shuaib, 2005).
Almost all African countries have a
history of land use management processes dating back to their respective
periods of colonial rule. However, formal land use management in
Nigeria began in 1863 with the enactment of the Town Improvement
Ordinance by the Colonial Government. The ordinance was meant to control
development and urban sanitation in Lagos, then the Federal Capital of
Nigeria. However, modern land use management could be said to begin in
the country in 1946 when the Nigerian Town and Country Ordinance was
enacted (Mabogunje, 1992). The general inefficiency associated with
majority of the developing countries land policies, the absence of
secure tenure, and inadequate land use management capacity have been
cited by Bernstein (1994), Hardoy and Satterthwaite (2001) as serious
problems precipitating existing land use crises in Nigeria. In recent
times, the often-destructive impact of human activity on the land has
led to the global need for more careful management of land use and
natural resources at sustainable level.
A number of policies that
impinge on urban land use management has been articulated and
implemented in Nigeria. These include the Land use Act of 1978, Urban
Development Policy of 1992, Urban and Regional Planning Act as well as
the Housing and Urban Development Policy of 2002. Similarly, land use
planning and control measures have been introduced to improve urban land
use planning and urban development (Aribigbola, 2008). Despite the
existence of these laws and policies, land use management problems still
persist in Karu area of Nasarawa State. Consequently, there is the need
for a better understanding of the problems and also to articulate how
to improve the existing ineffective land use management methods in the
area. In evaluation of land use management, suitability plays a
fundamental role in regional land-use planning. Its major objective is
to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of development in certain
areas, so as to find out places which are most suitable for certain land
use development in the future. In the field of suitability assessment
for land use management, Geographic Information System, Remote Sensing
and numerical modeling techniques have been proved to be efficient tools
by recent studies (Ahmed et al., 2000).
GIS is an important tool in
land use management. The demands of the different stakeholders is
analyzed, visualized and presented to support decision-making. One of
the most commonly used methods for land-use decision making is spatial
Multi Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA). This method combines all the
spatial factors that are important and results in a map with the best
location for a certain type of land-use. Most often with MCDA, the goal
is to find the most suitable location for residential, commercial,
agricultural and industrial use. In addition, existing Spatial Decision
Support Systems (SDSS) which are decision making tools that make use of
spatial MCDA often concentrate on a specific type of land-use, for
example urban development. When applying land-use suitability on an
area, it should contain not only urban development, but also
agricultural land-uses. It is against this background that this research
is formulated to use remote sensing and GIS that integrates land-use
suitability, covering all relevant land-use categories (urban and
agriculture) in land use management of Greater Karu Urban Area, Nasarawa
State, Nigeria.
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