ATTITUDE OF SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS TOWARDS HIV/AIDS COUNSELLING IN ETHIOPE EAST LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF DELTA STATE

ATTITUDE OF SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS TOWARDS HIV/AIDS COUNSELLING IN ETHIOPE EAST LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF DELTA STATE

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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Background to the Study

In recent years, Human Immune Virus and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS) has been a major problem world-wide. It is one of the most destructive epidemics in recorded history. Aids is a fatal disease without a cure and it is a disease that responds to little treatment.

It is acquired which means that it is not passed down from generation to generation through a person gene. Aids is a disease that attacks the immune system in the body.

According to Gong and Rudnick (2007), AIDS is a condition which is caused by HIV (Human Immune Deficiency Virus) which was first reported in the last spring of 1981 by Michael Gotieb and four of his colleagues at the University of California, School of Medicine Los Angeles United State of American.

According to these authors, the discovery was made among five homosexuals, since then there has been massive spread of HIV among people of all ages, races, countries as well as continents. In 1983, Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) was first discovered by a French cancer specialists Luc Montagros along with other scientists, at the Pasteur institution in Paris. Since then, cases have been reported with reasons of promiscuity of sexually active people during the 1980s and the sharing of intravenous hydrodermic needles and syringes by drug users.

The high incidence of HIV/AIDS since it was discovered has been widely reported among secondary school students. USAIDS (2010) reported categorically that half of newly HIV infected persons who numbers about 15,000-16,000 per day were ages 15-24 years (largely adolescent in senior secondary classes). Despite the high incidence of the disease among youths, the attitude of students towards HIV/AIDS over the years has been negative.

According to Hamalaine and Keinen-Ken (2012), young people despite their good HIV/AIDS knowledge they still underestimate their own risk of becoming infected with such virus HIV/AIDS. Adolescents believe themselves to be less promiscuous than average (Abrams, 2008) and they believe that their sexual behaviour and their partner are responsible (that is being in a relationship for a very long time with their partner).

In the same vein, Woodlock (2012) explained that some adolescents do not trust the information they get from the mass media and believe that the risk of infection is being exaggerated compared to other risks of life.

The apparent poor behaviour of students towards HIV/AIDS counselling is further complicated by some families which they no longer discuss sexual issues with their children to avoid them from being more promiscuous. Religion organisations and community activists who preach chastely, education and abstinence only, political leaders would not release available resources to match the magnitude of the problem.

All these constitute to the different attitude of youths towards the source of HIV/AIDS counselling and its transmission in the entire world. Also on the issue of sexuality, the Nigeria based “project” for human development has opined that teaching sex education in school will help the youths in sex. Moreover, it is not good at a tender age because it could be dangerous. The organisation further stated that “sex education is good within the family but not in the school, it is alien to our people and can destroy our nation” (Vanguard, 2014).

It is therefore clear, that this high level of ignorance and attitude towards HIV/AIDS counselling and other related issues must be controlled in our community, states and our nations at large should work hand in hand. This solution shall be urgently needed especially the secondary school students who are mainly adolescents and considered as a vulnerable group. In other words, the present epidemic scourge and poor attitude of students calls for awareness.

Through counselling, the students will make a wise decision about their personal character and development as well as their behaviour change (Okoro, 2013).

Despite this, the knowledge of HIV/AIDS in sub-Sahara Africa is still very low. Generally, women are less informed about HIV/AIDS than men in both urban and rural areas. It means the case of ten countries where one out of two adults is infected. Although several studies have assessed HIV/AIDS, knowledge, attitude and practice in different part of Nigeria, most of the students were conducted in health facilities. There is a dearth of information regarding residents or rural communities particular in northern Nigeria.

In similar study conducted by United States Agency for International Development (USAIDS, 2010) in four African countries of Botswana, Cameroun, Guinea and South Africa. It was found out that there was positive attitude towards preventive measures against HIV/AIDS in the absence of an effective vaccine and cure, Voluntary Counselling and Testing (VCT) consisting of minimum of pre and post-test counselling and testing can be used as an anti-retroviral treatment. Another role of VCT is the potential in the prevention of another to the child transmission of HIV through the use of anti-retroviral drugs and modifications of infant feeding practice, without these interventions.

The transmission of mother to child usually occurs in 21-32% of HIV positive pregnancies. On testing and counselling, Batley, Spratt, Stephered, Rauman and Mehedale carry out a study in India on HIV testing and counselling both men and women attending sexually transmitted diseases (STD) clinics. A total of 1.62% men tested negative in the study. They agreed to return in three months interval to report the HIV testing and counselling, at the end of the study, the result showed that the level of consistence use of condom with commercial sex workers increased proportionately with time.

Although, research was not carried out in Ethiope East Local Government Area of Delta State, efforts will be geared towards refocusing the findings in this work. This research is talking about the nature of AIDS infection since young age than those in the previous generation. The need for counselling these adolescents cannot be over stressed but, in order for them to benefit from counselling depending on the level of knowledge of the issues at stake and one’s attitude towards them. Hence, there is need for this research to determine the attitude of student.

Statement of the Problem

It is widely documented that Nigerian youths demonstrate poor attitude towards HIV/AIDS counselling. Thus, this accounts for the fact that the spread of the virus may be showing among other members of the global community, increase in the incidence of the disease appear to be the norms among youths and unless there is a global commitment to changing their attitude, this disease may be too difficult to control in the future. Regarding students negative attitude which accounts for the spread of the disease among youths in schools, it has been identified, lack of knowledge of HIV/AIDS among secondary school students, low level of awareness about HIV/AIDS, lack of communication among students in schools and home and absolute negligence of HIV/AIDS counselling in the school. Therefore, the problem in an interrogatory form is “what is the attitude of secondary school students towards HIV/AIDS counselling”.

Research Questions

The following research questions will help guide the study:

  1. What is the attitude of male and female secondary school students towards HIV/AIDS counselling?
  2. What is the knowledge of male and female secondary school students towards HIV/AIDS counselling?
  3. What is the level of awareness between urban and rural secondary school students towards HIV/AIDS counselling?
  4. What role does the communication play on attitude of urban and rural secondary school students towards HIV/AIDS counselling?
  5. What role does the counsellor play on attitude of male and female secondary school students towards HIV/AIDS counselling?

Research Hypotheses

The following hypotheses will help to guide the study:

  1. There is no significant difference between the attitude of male and female secondary school students towards HIV/AIDS counselling.
  2. There is no significant differences between the knowledge of male and female secondary school students towards HIV/AIDS counselling.
  3. There is no significant difference between the level of awareness between the urban and rural secondary school students towards HIV/AIDS counselling.
  4. There is no significant difference between the role communication play on the attitude of urban and rural secondary school students towards HIV/AIDS counselling.
  5. There is no significant difference between the role counselling play on the attitude of male and female secondary school students towards HIV/AIDS counselling.

Purpose of the Study

The main purpose of the study is to examine the attitude of secondary school students towards HIV/AIDS counselling. Specifically, this study will:

  1. Examine the attitude of male and female secondary school students towards HIV/AIDS counselling
  2. Find out the knowledge of male and female secondary school students towards HIV/AIDS counselling
  3. Determine the level of awareness between urban and rural secondary school students towards HIV/AIDS counselling.
  4. Identify the role of communication on the attitude of urban and rural secondary school students towards HIV/AIDS counselling
  5. Examine the role of the counsellor on the attitude of male and female secondary school students towards HIV/AIDS counselling

Significance of the Study

The study will be of great benefit to students, counsellors, parents, governmental and non-governmental organisations.

The study will help to educate students on the cause, symptoms, treatment and the preventive measure to take in order not to contact the virus.

Also, the study will be benefit to counsellors in that it will identify the areas of needs of the would-be client and the role they (counsellors) can play in helping such clients whether on HIV positive or negative individual.    

Furthermore, the study will be of help to the parents as they will be properly guided on the protection of their children against the dreaded virus.

The study will also benefit government, in that it will guide them on the menace of HIV/AIDS and also guide them on areas to focus on when formulating policies.

Lastly, non-governmental organisations (NGOs) will benefit from this study in that it will help them to organise programmes that will help to tackle the menace of HIV/AIDS.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

This study will cover the attitude of s students towards HIV/AIDS counselling. The study will be limited to five (5) out of the twenty-six (26) public secondary schools in Ethiope East Local Government Area of Delta State.

Definition of Terms

Attitude: This is the thought or feeling that makes individuals to act or behave as if they like or dislike something.

Secondary School Students: These are individuals studying in a school meant for young people between the ages of 11 to 16 years.

HIV: This means the virus that cause illness thereby leading to AIDS after some time.

AIDS: This is a disease caused by a virus transmitted in the body fluid which attacks the body’s ability to resist infection and in some cases causes death.

Counselling: This is a therapy that allows a person to talk about their problems and feelings in a confidential and dependable environment.  


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