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ABSTRACT
Since its (United Nations) establishment in 1945, the United Nations
has been in a constant state of transition as various international
stakeholders seek ways to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of
the U.N. system. Controversies, such as the unhealthy use of veto by the
Permanent 5 (P5), lopsided composition of the Security Council, and
instances of waste, fraud and abuse by U.N. staff, have focused renewed
attention on the need for change and improvement of the United Nations.
Many in the international community, including the African continent,
have increased pressure on U.N. member
states to implement
substantive reforms. This study has been designed to critically appraise
Africa and the UN millennium reforms. The objectives of the study are:
First, to ascertain the role of the Permanent members of the UN and how
it impinges on African chances at benefiting from the current UN
reforms. Two, to examine if there is any relationship between the lack
of consensus on what should be the goal of reform and the divergent
views by members. Three, to ascertain weather the UN reform have
consequences
for the UN Charter and the Security Council. To achieve the above
objectives of the study, we raised the following research questions:
One, does the role of the Permanent members of the UN impinge on African
chances at benefiting from the current UN reforms? Two, is there any
relationship between the lack of consensus on what should be the goal of
reform and the divergent views by members? Three, does the UN reforms
have consequences for the UN Charter and the Security Council? To
investigate the above research questions, the study anchored analysis on
the Realist Theory. The framework helps us to understand why we still
live with the prejudices and biases of the pre-UN era, many years after
the establishment of the UN. It will also help us to explain why the
Security Council remains the way it is with its anachronistic tendencies
that are unreflective of today’s realities. The study is basically
library research hence we relied on documentary method of data
collection. We collected data from secondary sources. Such secondary
sources are text books; journals; AU, NIIA and UN publications; seminar,
conference and workshop papers; magazines, newspapers and internet
materials. Descriptive and explanatory methods of analysis were adopted
because the study is qualitative method. The study also applied
statistical tools where necessary. After a critical analysis of
available literature and data, the study revealed as follows: First, the
position and activities of the Permanent members on the UN reform
impinges on African chances at benefiting from the reform. Second, there
is a relationship between the lack of consensus on what should be the
goal of reform and the divergent views held by members and finally, the
UN reforms have consequences for the UN Charter and the Security
Council. Based on the foregoing, the study recommends that a holistic
reform of the UN system with special focus on the Security Council must
be brought to a conclusive end; and Africa must have at least one slot
in the permanent seat of the Security Council. The members of the UN
must of necessity find a middle ground on what should be the goal of the
reform and re-create itself to assure that all states without any
exception must adhere to the fundamental norms and values enshrined in
its Charter. Further, to play an assertive and strategic role in the UN
system, African states and leaders must take economic and political
integration and demands on the UN beyond lipservice. Fundamentally,
there must be a high level political action and commitment and finally,
the UN P5 and other member states should be ready to accept whatever
challenges that come with the reforms in good faith. Member states are
not unaware that reforms are not tea parties. It is like a tumour on the
body of a child. If you want to excise the tumour to bring out the
pores so that the child will feel better, the child will resist the
scalpel, but the child needs the pain. The UN needs whatever challenges
that will come with the reforms so that it will emerge stronger and
guarantee international peace and security.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page- – – – – – — – – – — – – – — – – – — – – — – – — – — – – – — – – – — – – i
Approval Page ——— – — – – – – – – — – – – – — – – – – – — – – – — – – – – –ii
Dedication – – – — – – – – – – — – – – — – – – — – – – – — – – – — – – — – – – – — -iii
Acknowledgement – – – – – – — – – — – – – — – — – – — – — – – – — – – – — — iv
Table of Contents- — – – – – – — – – – — – – – — – – — – – — – – — – – – – — – – v
Abstract —— – – – — – – – — – — – – — – — – – — – – – — – – – — – – – — – – – – vii
List of tables and Diagrams – – – – – — – – – — – – — — – – – — – – – – — – – – -ix
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study – — – – – – – – – — – – – — – – – — – – – – – – 1
1.2 Statement of the Problem – – — – – – – — – – – — – – – – — – – – — – – 4
1.3 Objectives of the Study – — – – – – – – – — – – – – — – – – — – – – – — -5
1.4 Significance of Study – – – — – – – – — – — – – – — – – – — – – — – – – -6
1.5 Scope of the Study – — – – – – – – — – – — – – – – – – — – – – — – – – – –8
1.6 Literature Review – — – – – – — – — – — – – – — – – — – – – — – – – — – 8
1.7 Theoretical Framework – — – – – – – – — – – – – – — – – — – – — – – -36
1.8 Hypotheses – – – — – – – – – – – – — – – – – — – – – — – – – – — – – – – -37
1.9 Method of Data Collection and Analysis – — – – – – – – – — – – – – 38
CHAPTER TWO: BACKGROUND TO THE UN MILLENNIUM REFORMS
2.1 The Origin and Demise of the League of Nations — – – – – – – – -41
2.2 From League of Nations to United Nations – – – – — – – – – – – – – -65
2.3 Agitations for Reforms – — – – – – — – – – – – — – – – – – – – – – – — – 74
2.4 Reform trends in the United Nations – – — – – – – – — – — – — – – – 81
2.5 Reform Efforts (1980s and Early 1990s) – – — – – – – – – – – – – – – 81
2.6 Reform Efforts (1997 to 2005) — – – – – – — – – — – – — – – – – – – – 82
2.7 Recently Adopted Reforms – – — – – — — – – — – — – – — – — – – – -83
2.8 Secretary-General Ban Ki Moon and the UN Reforms – – – – – – – -85
CHAPTER THREE: THIRD WORLD AND OTHER INTERNATIONAL POSITIONS ON THE UN
REFORMS
3.1 Reform Perspectives and Priorities – – – — – – – – — – – – – – — – – – – – – – – – – – -88
3.1.1 The Group of 77 and China’s Position on the UN Reforms – — – – – – – – — – – – 91
3.1.2 European Union’s Position on the UN Reforms — – – – – – — – – – – — – – – – – – -93
3.1.3 America and other Developed Countries View on the UN Reforms – – – – — – 102
3.1.4 The View of Non Governmental Organizations (NGOs) on the UN Reform – – 109
3.2 Africa’s Position on the UN Security Council Reforms — – – – – — – – – – – – — 112
CHAPTER FOUR: POSSIBLE CONSEQUENCES OF REFORMS ON THE UN SYSTEM
4.1 Amending the United Nations Charter – — – – – — – — — – — – – — – – – – – – – – -119
4.2 The Impact of Reforms on the UN Security Council – — – – – – – — – – – – – – – 123
4.3 National Self Interest and Competing Priorities – – – – — – — – — — – – – – — – – -135
4.4 Organizational/Bureaucracy Structure and Limited Resources – – — – – – – – – – -137
4.5 External Influence and Current Attitude of the Permanent Members – — – – – – 139
4.6 North-South/Developed and Developing Countries Problems – – — – – – – – – – -142
CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Summary – – — – – – – – – — – – – – — – – – — – – – — – – — – — – – — – – – – — – – – – -147
5.2 Conclusion — — – — – – — – – – – – – —— – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – — – -160
5.3 Recommendations – – – — – — – — — – — — — — – — – – – — – — – – — – – – – — 170
BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDICES
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