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ABSTRACT
Gender Sensitivity in Nigerian Federal Governance and the Effects on Affirmative Action since
1999 is a study set out to unravel how effective gender sensitivity has
been in the Nigerian Federal Governance and the impacts of Affirmative
Action since 1999. It examines Dimensions of heated Debates on Gender
and Affirmative Action, especially as various controversial opinions
rages over the introduction of Gender Based Affirmative Action. The
study reviewed the major current Federal Affirmative Actions, and
advocated for some Policy Alternatives for Women Equality and Progress
in Nigeria. The study adopted Feminist Theory in the work. The study also utilized Secondary Source of Data Collection where we made
use
of books, journals, internet materials and so on. The study relied on
Qualitative Research Techniques. This type of techniques is essentially
the application of Qualitative Research Method in the thorough
Examination and Interpretation of Research Data. We equally made use of
One Group: Pre-Test, Post-Test type of Research Design.
Our findings revealed that government is yet to commit itself toward
redressing the issue of gender imbalances especially in the area of
women’s representation in Federal Governance as none of the Federal
Affirmative Actions introduced since 1999 has been able to cause any
significant positive change. It therefore, concluded that promoting
Gender Sensitivity and Affirmative Action in Federal Governance is a
Recipe for a Sustainable National Development, National Security and Good Governance. Hence, the study finally recommended that federal government should stringently place Gender Affirmative Action at the fore front of its developmental policies by sincerely
committing itself to the formulation and implementation of Gender Affirmative Actions, in order
to achieve her set Millennium Development Goals.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
According to Arowolo and Abe
(2008:13-14), “the essence of political participation in any society,
either civilized or primitive is to seek control of power, acquisition
of power and dispensing power to organize society, harness and
distribute resources and to influence decision making in line with
organized or individual interest”. All groups including women seek to
influence the dispensation of power in line with their articulated
interests as a fundamental motive of political participation. Women, in
their gradual consciousness of state of mind also, in recent times,
increasingly seek power equation and distribution and redistribution of
resources in their favour. Although, careful observations have indicated
that the participation of women in Nigerian politics is hugely
noticeable at the level of voting and latent support.
As noted by
Okolie (2004:53), views political participation as “freedom of
expression, association, right to free flow of communication; right to
influence decision process and the right to social justice, health
services, better working conditions and opportunity for franchise”.
Political
participation is one of the key ingredients of democracy in its real
sense, hence, taking the conceptualization of democracy by Diamond
(1989: xvi) into cognizance, “democracy provides the equal opportunity
platform for political participation and fairness in such competition,
thus; a system of government that meets three essential conditions:
meaningful and extensive competition among individuals and groups,
especially political parties, for all effective positions of government
power, at regular intervals and excluding the use of force; a highly
inclusive level of political participation in the selection of leaders
and policies, at least through regular and fair election, such that no
major(adult) social group is excluded; and a level of civil and
political liberties, freedom to form and join organizations sufficient
to ensure the integrity of political competition and participation”.
Similarly,
Onyeoziri (1989:6) highlighted four domains of democracy which include:
“the domain of individual and group rights and freedoms; the domain of
popular and equal participation in collective decision; the domain of
accountability of government to masses publics and constituent
minorities; and the domain of the application of the principle of equal
citizenship in all spheres of life-social, economic and political”.
In
view of this, gender equality promotion is presently accepted globally
as a development strategy essential for reducing poverty levels among
men and women, improve health and living standards, and also enhance
efficiency of public investment. The attainment of gender equality is
not only seen as an end in itself and human rights issues, but also a
prerequisite for the development of sustainable development.
The
plight of Nigerian women, like their counterparts in other parts of
developed countries have been characterized by lack of adequate
representation, undue domination of men in the socio-political scheme of
things; lopsided political appointments and the general imbalances
associated with very unjust treatment of the female citizens in its
entirety. Therefore, it common place to observe that, the womanhood is
reduced to mere infidel and a second-class citizen, hence, there is the
commonality of general belief system that the best place for women is
the “kitchen”. This trend therefore has brought about tremendous
misrepresentation of women right at the level of the family down to the
circular society. Thus, the purported irrelevance associated with the
status of women in society has merely reduced an average woman to an
inferior commodity. The Nigerian woman is therefore, discriminated upon
from, in most cases, acquiring formal education, mistreated and
perpetually kept as house-help; the average Nigerian woman is seen as an
object for prostitution, force marriage, street hawking, instrument
of
wide-range trafficking, a misfit in the society and these ill
perceptions have no option than to deepen the level of marginalization
of Nigerian women (Erunke, 2011).
However, the status of women
marginalization in Nigeria has varied from time to time and has taken
different forms in different societies and historical epochs. In the
pre-colonial society, women played vital roles in both social and
economic activities. Division of labour was on gender lines. Power and
privileges in the family were based on age and gender hence; it allowed
elder women to have voice on many matters. That notwithstanding, beyond
family level power was generally dominated by the male folk but women
were not totally powerless given to the fact that some rose to
prestigious chieftaincy title like Iyalode,
some also became powerful
queens as was obtainable in the Ondo and Daura histories. Women held
high political offices like in the rein of Queen Amina of Zaria who
conquered all the towns around Zamfara and Nupe, and dominated this
region for 34years.Women were given freedom from male’s total
domination, although men had upper hand in the system. The colonial era
injected a contaminated practice of massive women marginalization in the
society through the introduction of “European patriarchatism’’ which
indeed shot the door against women freedom and political participation.
The system restricted women to child rearing and domestic chores stating
that women should be subordinate to men and if allowed to attain
financial freedom would ameliorate their respects for their husbands.
The colonial state displaced the place of Nigerian women, infusing
European patriarchatism into the system which has contributed
immensely
to the modern (post colonial) huge disparity in gender equality. The
effects cum operations of gender inequality transcended to the post
colonial era which have been a radical inhibitor to true democracy and
sustainable national development. These consequences drew both national
and international concern hence; leading to various crucial clamours for
gender equality and proper women representation in governance.
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