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ABSTRACT
Studies were conducted to determine the phytochemicasl
present in moringa olrifera and Azadrichta indica leaves. Leaves for
this work were washed, room dried ground to powder. The ground leave for
both sample were soaked in four different solvent; Ethanol, n-Hexane,
Ethyl acetate and water for 24 hours. After the contact elapsed the
solvent were filtered to recover the extract. Qualitative analysis was
carried out on the extract; the result showed moringa oliefera to
contain saponin, flavonoid, tannin, phenol, steroid and glycoside.
Azadrichta indica contains; saponin, flavonoid, tannin, Alkaloid,
steroid and glycoside. Quantitative anaylsis were jalso carried on the
extract and the result showed moringa oliefera and Azadrichta indica to
contain in percentage flavonoid (21.8 : 23.80), Alkaloids (5.00 : 8.20),
saponin ( 0.70 : 1.10 ), phenol ( 0.76 : 1.49 ), Tannin ( 0.08 : 0.57 )
and Glycoside ( 0.005 : 0.0062 ) respectively for moringa oliefera and
Azadrichta indica. In the qualitative analysis water was the best
solvent for extraction and quantitative analysis; flavonoid, alkaloid,
tannin, saponin, phenol and glycoside have higher percentage in
Azadrichta indica than moringa oleifera.
7
TABLE OF CONTENT
Title page---------------------------------------------------------------------------------i
Certification-----------------------------------------------------------------------------ii
Dedication------------------------------------------------------------------------------iii
Acknowledgement--------------------------------------------------------------------iv
Abstract----------------------------------------------------------------------------------vi
Table of content----------------------------------------------------------------------vii
List of figure----------------------------------------------------------------------------xii
List of table----------------------------------------------------------------------------xiv
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 Background of study-------------------------------------------------------------1
1.2 Phytochemical---------------------------------------------------------------------3
1.2.1 Activity of phytochemical----------------------------------------------------4
1.3 Statement of problem-----------------------------------------------------------5
1.4 Aims and Objectives of study--------------------------------------------------6
1.5 Significant of study---------------------------------------------------------------6
8
1.6 Scope of study---------------------------------------------------------------------6
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature review------------------------------------------------------------------7
2.1 Botany of Moringa oleifera ----------------------------------------------------7
2.1.1 Classification---------------------------------------------------------------------7
2.1.2 Origin and Habitat--------------------------------------------------------------8
2.1.3 Description-----------------------------------------------------------------------9
2.1.4 Ecology and cultivation-------------------------------------------------------9
2.1.5 Traditional uses---------------------------------------------------------------11
2.1.6 Common name----------------------------------------------------------------12
2.1.7 Pharmacological activity of Moringa oleifera -------------------------13
2.2 Botany of Azadrichta indica --------------------------------------------------18
2.2.1 Classification-------------------------------------------------------------------18
2.2.2 Origin and habitat------------------------------------------------------------19
2.2.3 Description---------------------------------------------------------------------19
2.2.4 Ecology and cultivation------------------------------------------------------21
9
2.2.5 Traditional uses---------------------------------------------------------------22
2.2.6 Common name----------------------------------------------------------------22
2.2.7 Pharmacological activity of Azadrichta indica -------------------------22
2.3 Phytochemical-------------------------------------------------------------------26
2.3.1 Types of phytochemicals----------------------------------------------------27
2.3.1.1 Tannin-------------------------------------------------------------------------28
2.3.1.2 Phenol-------------------------------------------------------------------------29
2.3.1.3 Saponin-----------------------------------------------------------------------30
2.3.1.4 Steroids-----------------------------------------------------------------------31
2.3.1.5 Flavonoids-------------------------------------------------------------------33
2.3.1.6 Alkaloids----------------------------------------------------------------------35
2.3.1.7 Glycosides--------------------------------------------------------------------36
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Materials and Methods--------------------------------------------------------37
3.1 Collection and preparation of material------------------------------------37
3.2 Equipment / apparatus--------------------------------------------------------37
10
3.3 Reagents--------------------------------------------------------------------------38
3.4 Methods---------------------------------------------------------------------------39
3.4.1 Qualitative Analysis----------------------------------------------------------39
3.4.2 Preparation of Wagner’s reagent-----------------------------------------40
3.4.3 Preparation of Mayer’s reagent-------------------------------------------40
3.4.4 Test for Alkaloid---------------------------------------------------------------40
3.4.5 Test for Saponin---------------------------------------------------------------41
3.4.6 Test for Flavonoid-------------------------------------------------------------42
3.4.7 Test for Steroid----------------------------------------------------------------42
3.4.8 Test for Tannin----------------------------------------------------------------42
3.4.9 Test for Glycoside-------------------------------------------------------------43
3.5 Quantitative Analysis-----------------------------------------------------------43
3.5.1 Flavonoid determination----------------------------------------------------43
3.5.2 Alkaloid determination------------------------------------------------------44
3.5.3 Tannin determination-------------------------------------------------------44
3.5.4 Saponin determination------------------------------------------------------45
11
3.5.5 Glycoside determination----------------------------------------------------45
3.5.6 Phenol determination-------------------------------------------------------46
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Results and Discussion---------------------------------------------------------47
4.1 Qualitative Analysis result----------------------------------------------------47
4.2 Quantitative Analysis result--------------------------------------------------49
4.3 Discussion of result-------------------------------------------------------------50
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 Conclusions-----------------------------------------------------------------------52
5.2 Recommendations--------------------------------------------------------------52
REFERENCE------------------------------------------------------------------53 – 54
APPENDIX------------------------------------------------------55 – 58
12
LIST OF FIGURES
Fig1Moringa oleifera leave----------------------------------------------------------7
Fig2Azadrichta indica leave--------------------------------------------------------18
Fig3 Conical flask -------------------------------------------------------------------59
Fig4 Water bath ---------------------------------------------------------------------59
Fig5 Electric thermal incubator --------------------------------------------------60
Fig6 Test tube ------------------------------------------------------------------------60
Fig7 Electric stove -------------------------------------------------------------------61
Fig8 Separation process setup ---------------------------------------------------61
Fig9 Separation funnel -------------------------------------------------------------62
Fig10 Thermostatic drying oven -------------------------------------------------62
Fig11Beaker---------------------------------------------------------------------------63
Fig12 Measuring cylinder ---------------------------------------------------------63
Fig13 Whatman filter paper ------------------------------------------------------64
Fig14 Constant temperature magnetic stirrer -------------------------------64
13
Fig15 UV machine -------------------------------------------------------------------65
Fig16 Electronic weighing balance ----------------------------------------------65
Fig17 phenol standard Graph-----------------------------------------------------66
14
LIST OF TABLE
Table 4.1a Qualitative Analysis Result of Moringa oleifera----------------47
Table 4.1b Qualitative Analysis Result of Azadrichta indica---------------48
Table
4.2 Quantitative Analysis Result of Moringa oleifera and Azadrichta
indica---------------------------------------------------------------------49
15
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY
From
time immemorial, man depended on plants as medicine. From a historical
perspective, it is evident that the fascination for plants is as old as
mankind itself. The plant kingdom represent a rich store house of
organic compounds, many of which have been used for medicinal purposes
and could serve as lead for the development of novel agents having good
efficacy in various pathological disorders in the coming years.Plants
are the richest source of drugs for traditional medicine, modern
medicines, nutraceuticals food supplements, folk medicine,
pharmaceutical intermediates and chemical entities for synthetic drugs
(Hammer et al., 1999). The use of plant product as medicines could be
traced as far back as the beginning of human civilization. The earliest
mentioned medicinal used plant in Hindu culture is found in “Rigveda”,
which is said to have been written between 4500-1600 B.C. and is
supposed to be the oldest repository human knowledge. The active
principle isolated, have provided leads in the development of several
life saving drugs, which are in use today (Rastogi and Mehrotra, 2002).
The
isolated active compounds of the plants are secondary metabolites
chemical compound that occur naturally in plant with no nutritional
value to human life. These active compounds are generally called
16
phytochemical.
These phytochemicals play protective roles in plants, each chemical
labeled phytochemical works in different ways, not all are the same for
human, and not all come from the same plants. Some have shown more
promise than others in fighting disease and illness in humans. There are
some basic types of these active compounds that are found in different
fruits and vegetables. We have some of them like antioxidants, they are
present in onions and some other fruits and tea, they act as preventive
measure for premature cell death and some forms of cancer and aging.
Isoflavones or plant estrogen; they are found in soy and soy products;
they are helpful in the year just before and after menopause. Capsaicin
is found in hot pepper and it has been shown to significantly reduce
prostate tumors in size, at least in mice. Taking capsaicin on a regular
basis by eating spicy foods with hot peppers may prove an excellent
preventative agent to prostate cancer and benign growth of prostate
(Ahmedabad 382- 481). This experiment was carried out on moringaoleifera
and Azadirachtaindica leaves.
Moringaoleifera, or the horseradish
tree, is a small or medium-sized about 10 m high perennial softwood tree
with timber of low quality pantropical specie plant that is known by
such regional name as benzolive, drumstick tree, kelor, marango, mlonge,
mulangay, nebeday, saijhan and sajan. Over the past two decades, many
reports have appeared in the mainstream scientific journals describing
its nutritional
17
and medicinal properties (Akerele,
1993).Moringaoleifera is the most widely cultivated species of a
monogenetic family, the moringaceae that is native to the sub-Himalayan
tracts of India, Pakistan Bangladesh and Afghanistan, it also now
naturalizes in West Africa and Nigeria as a whole.
Azadirachtaindicaon
the other hand is a very useful traditional medicinal plant in the
sub-continent and each part of the tree has some medicinal properties.
The plant is native to Asia, but has now naturalized in West Africa and
is widely cultivated in Nigeria as an ornamental as well as medicinal
plant.
1.2 Phytochemicals
Phytochemicals are non-nutritive plant
chemicals which occur naturally in plants that have protective or
disease preventive properties. They are nonessential nutrients, meaning
that they are not required by the human body for sustaining life. It is
well-known that plant produces these chemicals to protect them but
recent research demonstrates that they can also protect humans against
diseases. There are more than thousand known phytochemicals. Some of the
well-known phytochemicals are lycopene in tomatoes, isoflavonesin soy
and flavanoids in fruits.Alkaloids (examples are Caffeine, Theobromine,
18
Theophylline).Organosulfides(examples
are Allicin,Glutathione,Indole-3-Carbinol,Isothiocyanates).Tannins,
steroids, Glycosides etc.
1.2.1 Activity of phytochemicals
Antioxidant
- Most phytochemicals have antioxidant activity and protect our cells
against oxidative damage and reduce the risk of developing certain types
of cancer. Phytochemicals with antioxidant activity includes:allyl
sulfides (onions, leeks, and garlic), carotenoids (fruits, carrots),
flavonoids (fruits, vegetables), polyphenols (tea, grapes).
Hormonal
action - Isoflavones, found in soy, imitate human estrogens and help to
reduce menopausal symptoms and osteoporosis.Stimulation of enzymes -
Indoles, which are found in cabbages, stimulate enzymes that make the
estrogen less effective and thus couldreduce the risk for breast cancer.
Other phytochemicals, which interfere with enzymes, are protease
inhibitors (soy and beans), terpenes (citrus fruits and cherries).
Interference
with DNA replication - Saponins found in beans interfere with the
replication of DNA cell, thereby preventing themultiplication of cancer
cells. Capsaicin, found in hot peppers, protects DNA from carcinogens.
19
Physical
action - Some phytochemicals bind physically to cell walls thereby
preventing the adhesion of pathogens to human cell walls.
Proanthocyanidins are responsible for the anti-adhesion properties of
cranberry. Consumption of cranberries will reduce the risk of urinary
tract infections and will improve dental health.
Phytochemicals are
naturally present in many foods but it is expected that through
bioengineering new plants will be developed, which will ontain higher
levels. This would make it easier to incorporate enough phytochemicals
with our food.
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