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Abstract
It is argued, historically that Egypt is the cradle of civilization. Unfortunately, Egypt has been in turmoil ever since nineteenth century (1879) to the popular 1952 revolution. All these were geared towards good governance and total independence for the people of Egypt. The recent Arab Spring that swept across the North African
region made the populace too optimistic of enthroning government by
popular sovereignty. However, this was not realized when they witnessed
the failure of Egypt’s democratic transition
after the 2012 election. It is against this backdrop that the study
seeks to examine the Arab Spring and challenges of democratization in
Egypt. The specific objective of the study is to examine whether neo-liberal
reform contributed to domestic political unrest in Egypt; as well as to
ascertain if the nature of the quest for political power among
contending interests has negative implications for democratization
process in Egypt. The theory of post colonial state was adopted to aid
the focus of the study. The study employed qualitative method
of data collection which was based on documentary evidence and
secondary sources in form of books; journals, archives etc while event
history method of analysis was adopted. The study reveals that the
nature of the struggle for political power among the
military and the Muslim Brotherhood have spurred more confrontations other than addressing the
economic crisis bedeviling the country, which has in-turn, posed a
serious challenge to the democratization process in the country. The
study therefore, recommends for popular participation in the act of
politicking and the ultimate use of home grown policies that will
encourage Western de-ideologization of development; and shun the total
wholesome adoption of neo-liberal reforms.
Chapter One
Introduction
1.1 Background of the Study
The political struggle taking place in Egypt today has its root dated
back to the late 19th century. For about a century, Islamists and
secular-nationalists have been fighting over Egypt’s identity and
future. Their differences could sometimes seem irreconcilable. It is not
clear how a vision of Egypt as a small part of a large Islamic
community can coexist with a vision of Egypt as one of the oldest
civilizations with democratic pitfalls.
In line with democratic demands from the masses to their leaders which
most times are declined by the leaders and it consequently spurs to
strikes and violent demonstration in the country. This has however, led
to frequent undemocratic change of regimes in the country.
Therefore, it is important to look at the various regimes in the country
and its concomitant effect on the people. The first president of Egypt
was Muhammad Naguib, he was one of the leaders of the Egyptian
Revolution of 1952. He assumed office on 18 June 1953, the day on which
Egypt was declared a republic. Since then, the office has been held by
eight further people: Gamal Nasser presided over the Egyptian government
from 1956 until his death in 1970. One of the major hallmarks of his
rule was Arab socialism. His focus on social justice led to the
implementation of massive social service programs and subsidies: The
state provided food, electricity, education and other services for free
or heavily subsidized (Rutherford, 2008: 133).
Accordingly, Shorbagy (2009: 522) further observed that Nasser
nationalized many industries, as well as the Suez Canal, and led a
massive industrialization program. In order to implement all of these
changes, a strong state was needed in what Bayat (2002) termed the
statist model, where “the state controls the bulk of the economic,
political and social domains, leaving little space for society to
develop itself and for interest groups to compete and act autonomously
(Rutherford 2008).
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