CHAPTER ONE

GENERAL INTRODUCTION

1.0.0    INTRODUCTION

According to Professor Cross, 

“Evidence is the testimony hearsay, documents, things and facts which account will accept as evidence of the fact in issue in a given case”.

Evidence as to opinion could be said to have emanated from the conception of

Aguda[2] when he stated that:

“Judicial Evidence is the means by which facts are proved but excluding inferences and arguments. It is common knowledge that a fact can be proved by the oral testimony of persons who receive the fact by production of document or by inspection of things and places”. 

The general rule of common law is that witness may only give evidence of facts of which they have knowledge. In other words witness may testify only what they themselves did say, heard on witnessed. The cardinal rule provides the foundation not only for the hearsay rule but also for a further common law rule which prohibits witness from expressing their opinion about what happened or may have happened.

1.1.0    DEFINITION OF EVIDENCE

According to the Blacks Law Dictionary[3], evidence is defined as:

“any specie of proof or probative matter legally present at the trial of an issue by the act of the parties and through the medium of witness, records, documents, exhibits, concrete subjects, etc. including belief in minds of the court or jury as to their contention.”

According to AkinolaAguda[4], evidence is:

“Themeans by which facts are proved but exclude inference and arguments, it could either be by oral testimony of persons who perceived the fact or by production of documents, it is sometimes used in connection with admissibility”

According to Professor Cross[5], it is:

“A testimony whether oral, documentary or real which may be legally received in order to prove or disprove some facts in dispute.”

1.1.1    CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE

   Evidence can be classified into three main classes, which are oral evidence, real evidence and documentary evidence.

ORAL EVIDENCE

This is defined as statement and assertion of a witness in court offered as proof of the truth of that which is ascertained or evidence given by words of mouth in court on oath or in affirmation. It is also known as testimonial evidence and it include signs made by dumb[6]. It must be directed and ipso facto. If it relate to a fact which could be seen, heard, or perceived, it must be an evidence of the witness who say he saw, heard and perceived such act [7].

REAL EVIDENCE

According to Professor Noakes, it is the material object other than documents produced for the inspection of the chart. In other words, its anything which is produced and examined by court or tribunal as means of proof, it includes good allegedly stolen, weapon of office, items caring blood stain or finger prints etc.

DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE

This is simply a statement made in a document which is offered to the court in proof of any fact in issue. In other words, it is evidence tendered through or by the use of documents, documents include books, map plains, drawings, photographs and any matter expressed or described upon any substance by means of letter, figure or marks[8], etc.

1.2.0: BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Opinion simply refers to ideas, beliefs or judgment based mainly on feelings it exists in the thinking, imagination and understandingly of the maker. Therefore is essentially judgmental.

According to AfeBabalola[9]:

“The word opinion refers to a belief based on certainty or knowledge but on what seems true or probable. It is a product of the exercise of personal judgment, evaluation or estimation of some information that seems to be true or probable”.

An opinion is different from a fact with which it is often confused whereas a fact refers to a state of thins as they are or as they actually happened, opinion refers to how the giver of the opinion thinks, believes or infers in regards to the facts in dispute, as distinguished from his personal knowledge of the facts themselves. This opinion exists in the thinking, imagination or understanding of the maker of facts refers to reality the true or actual state of things.

Therefore, opinion evidence refers to evidence what the witness thinks, believes or infers in regard to facts, as distinguished from personal knowledge of the facts themselves, which the knowledge of the facts themselves, which the court may accept as proving the fact in issue.  

1.3.0    FOCUS OF STUDY

The focus of this essay is to critically look into the admissibility and validity of opinion Evidence by the court of law. Also what forms of Evidence may be admitted as opinion Evidence and also what grounds they can be admitted and cases as they are applicable as provided by the Evidence act.

1.4.0. SCOPE OF STUDY

The long essay cuts across the forms of opinion Evidence which are admissible and also those which are not admissible. Also the General rule, as well as times when opinion Evidence would and wouldn’t be admissible in the court of law. This research work would be confirmed to the examination of the General rule and the General rule of Exclusion, the Rationale for the exclusion any rule, opinion of Experts and non-Experts. 

There will also be a study as to the various areas as deemed necessary, likewise statutory and judicial authorities in order to achieve the aim of the long essay.

1.5.0. METHODOLOGY 

To achieve an intellectual result in the course of this research work on opinion evidence, emphasis will be laid on primary sources of information gathered from textbooks, law reports, articles by legal authors, internet resources, law journals and all these will give an holistic approach to the subject matter of this course.

1.6.0. LITERATURE REVIEW

There are lots of articles and statues and authors that have written extensively on the topic opinion Evidence.

The major purpose of this work is to take a clear look at the position of law vis-àvis opinion Evidence and for the proper establishment or discussion of this project a number of authorities have been referred to. Different authors and scholars gave their views on what opinion Evidence is.

PETER MURPHY in his book A Practical Approach to Evidence[10], stated:

“The general rule of common law was the opinions, beliefs and inferences of a witness were inadmissible to prove the truth of the matters believed or inferred if such matters were in issue or relevant to facts in issue in the case”.

From this general rule, it is clear that opinion evidence is inadmissible and a witness may only speak of facts that he personally perceived and not inferences drawn from those facts similarly stated by Adrian Keane A. in the book The Modern Law of Evidence[11].

And also in the Nigerian law of Evidence[12],

 “The general rule on opinion Evidence is that it is not admissible.” 

This is well expressed in section 66[13] of the Evidence Act which states thus:

“The fact that any person is of the opinion that a fact in issue or relevant to the issue does not exist is irrelevant to the existence of such fact except as provided in [14]section 57-65 of the act.  

In the book Law of Evidence in Nigeria, by T.K. Aguda[15], opinion is stated to mean “ideas, a belief or judgment based mainly on feeling, opinion exist in the thinking, imagination and understanding of the author. It is therefore essentially judgmental”.

The various authors examined the exceptions to the general rule and also the exceptions to the general rule and also the Evidence Act section 57-65 provides for these exceptions which can broadly be categorized into two expert opinion and non expert.

Section 57[16] (i) of the Evidence Act which defines an expert opinion:

“When the court has to form an opinion upon a point of foreign law, native or custom, or of sciences or art, or as to identity of handwriting or finger impression, the opinion upon that point of persons specially skilled in such foreign law, native law or custom or science or art, or in questions as to identity of handwriting or foreign impression are relevant facts”.

Section 61-64[17] makes provision for non experts in the Act.

1.7.0. CONCLUSION 

It would suffice to state that this introductory chapter as stated the background to the work into fully understanding the topic of the study and it methodological way of expressing the aims, objectives, research, methodology and definition of the essential terms of the study. It also shed light to what opinion Evidence is.

The subsequent chapters will discuss these subject matters in details.      

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