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Background of the Study
This study is focused at identifying how
the exposure of pornographic films influence the undergraduate students
of the University of Lagos. Film is categorized under the mass media as a
tool of communication. It is therefore associated with the enormous
influence of the mass media.
According to Burton (2002), the main
power of the media, lies in the fact that they can shape what we know
about the world and can be a main source of ideas and opinions.
For
the sake of this study, pornographic films are moving pictures which
primarily intend to arouse sexual desire in its viewer(s). Pornographic
films may be divided into the following; Soft-core pornography, Hardcore
pornography and Violent pornography.
Akoto, (2014) helps us define
these categories citing the work of other authors as she does this. She
explains that soft-core pornography is intended to arouse men and women
sexually and typically contains nude and semi-nude performers engaging
in casual social nudity (Williams, 1999). Soft-core pornography does not
contain explicit depictions of vaginal or anal penetration,
cunnilingus, and ejaculation (Dubberley, 2005).
On the other hand, hardcore pornography contain explicit depictions of sexual acts, such as vaginal, anal, and/or oral intercourse, cunnilingus, anglings, ejaculation, and/or fetish play. Distribution of hardcore pornography was widely prohibited in many countries until the second half of the 20th century when many countries began to allow some dissemination of soft-core material. Public display and advertising of hardcore pornography as well as its supply to minors is often prohibited (Campbell, 2003).
Violent pornography however, is a sexual act which is disgustingly
offensive. An obscene character that portrays an explicit and realistic
act which results or is likely to result in serious injury to a person’s
anus, breasts or genitals. It can also be an act which involves or
appears to involve sexual interference with a human corpse. Violent
pornography can also mean a person performing or appearing to perform an
act of intercourse or oral sex with an animal whether dead or alive and
a reasonable person looking at the image would think that any such
person or animal was real.
Pornographic films in recent times are
produced and distributed on a different forms of media such as; DVDs,
Internet downloads, podcast, home videos, cable tvamongst others.
In
Nigeria, pornographic films are becoming increasingly popular, not just
foreign porn movies, also locally made ones. The Internet has also made
access to these films quite easy. The Nigerian movie industry which
kicked off with films with themes of witchcraft, ritualism and greed has
in my opinion shifted a little from these themes, probably in an
attempt to copy the western world.
Pornography is a largely
controversial topic. Wagner, (1990) opines that pornography is the
written or visual presentation in a realistic form of any genital or
sexual behavior with a deliberate violation of existing and widely
accepted moral and social taboos (as cited in Harvey, 2004). With this
definition of pornography, before a material is deemed pornographic, it
must asides from depicting genital or sexual behavior, violate existing
and widely accepted and social taboos. On the other hand, Harvey, (2004)
citing Hunt, (1996) sees pornography as the explicit depiction of
sexual organs and sexual practices with the aim of arousing sexual
feelings. However, the determination of whether a material is
pornographic is largely dependent on an individual’s perception of what
the acceptable social and moral taboos are and if the material violates
them.
Pornographic films have been produced for a long time and is
highly profitable, especially with the with the help of the new
technology (smartphones, tabs, other handheld devices) and the Internet,
statistics from a report by Adult Industry Medical Health Foundation
(2004) revealed that more than 11 million teenagers who are between the
ages of 12 and 17 years view pornography online. The report showed that
there are 4.2 million pornographic websites, 420 million pornographic
web pages and 68 million daily search engine requests. The report also
indicated that 50% of men and 20% of women in the church regularly view
porn. Of 1351 pastors surveyed, 54% had viewed internet pornography
within the year prior to the research. Pornography has become a morally
debated social issue; according to Griffith, Mitchell, Hart, Adams
&Gu (2013), whether it is harmful to those who use it or not.
Statement of the problem
Film is a very powerful medium that can
reach a large number of people and as observed from the study,
pornographic films through the Internet reaches a large number of
people. Pornographic film is an audio visual medium capable of producing
the most vociferous outburst through the portrayal of pornography,
violence and other immoral acts. This means pornographic films, possess
the powerful characteristics explained by Severin and Tankard and with
the increasing popularity of these films, we need to understand what
exposure to them causes or does not cause.
On the other hand,
OusmaneSembène, one of the greatest filmmakers to come out of Africa and
is also often referred to as the “Father of African Cinema”, according
to an article written about him in the Los Angeles times (2007) believed
film is a tool or communicator of social change and culture. Taking his
definition of film into consideration, one wonders if pornographic film
as a film genre, is really a tool for social change and culture. The
need to understand how exposure to pornographic films affect the
society, due to the popularity of these films and more importantly how
it affects the youths, prompts the researcher to study and investigate
the influence of pornographic films on the lifestyle of undergraduate
students of the University of Lagos.
MacKinnon (1993) argued that
pornography is harmful to all those involved. However, despite its
pervasiveness, people like Strossen, (1995) had suggested that
pornography is not a problem but fairly being (as cited in Akoto, 2014).
Objectives of the study
The main object of this study is to
investigate the influence pornographic films on the lifestyle of youths.
Other objectives include;
1. To determine extent of exposure youths are exposed to pornographic films.
2. To find out the perception of youths are towards pornographic films.
3. To determine if and to what extent, pornographic films have any affect the lifestyle of youths.
4. To find out why youths watch pornographic films.
Research questions
The study specifically provided answers to the following questions:
1. To what extent are youths exposed to pornographic films?
2. What is the perception of youths towards pornographic films?
3. To what extent are youths affected by being exposed to pornographic films?
4. What are the factors responsible for the viewing of pornographic films?
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