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ABSTRACT
This project examines the comparative study of the
performances of government owned and privately owned broadcasting media
organization (A study of FRCN and Raypower Radio stations Lagos). To
achieve this, the survey method was adopted as the research method while
the instrument of data collection was the questionnaire. The sample
size was drawn using the stratified sampling technique. Two hypothesis
tested were accepted leading to the conclusion that the emergence of
private broadcasting media in Nigeria improves broadcasting generally
and that the entrance of private broadcasting is a challenge to
government owned broadcast media in Nigeria to a great extent. The
researcher recommends among others that private individuals should enter
into broadcast media ownership in order to further improve broadcasting
in Nigeria especially in the rural areas (rural broadcasting).
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The
role of the broadcasters and the broadcast media as agents of rural and
national development, especially at the information dissemination level
is now generally recognized and accepted by experts and policy makers.
What seems quite unresolved in many developing countries is how best to
utilize the potentials of the broadcasters and their media to achieve
developmental objectives (Nwosu, 1990:119). In Nigeria, there are three
main types of media ownership namely; government ownership, private
ownership and partnership. In the case of government ownership, the
government establishes controls and finances the media outfit, private
ownership is when an individual or a group of persons establish, control
and finance the media outfit in partnership both the government and
private individuals are into some sort of co-ownership regarding the
establishment, financing and controlling of the media house.
There is
a symbiotic relationship between the media and the society. It is in
the interest of the society to have strong and robust mass media as it
is in the best interest of the media to uphold the values and protect
the interest of the society from which they derive their impulse,
support and patronage. No media institution can survive if it is
perceived to be working against its own society (Onukaba 2005:3).
It
is the duty of any media institution to keep the public aware of what is
going on around them by providing accurate, factual and timely
information at all times. It is also the duty of the media to warn and
alert the public about impending dangers to interpret events or provide
information needed by the public to make every day decision that will
make them participate actively in the political, economic and social
activities of a community and to assist the public in determining
current trends.
Media institutions are also expected to use their
products to educate, entertain, modify public opinions, reinforce
attitudes and set agenda for the society. In many societies, people
depend on the media to know where to find jobs, where to shop, where to
eat, seat out, who to note for etc it is therefore, safe to say that the
influence of the media extends to every aspect of human life and
society.
But for media institutions to be able to play these roles
effectively, they are expected to uphold the values of objectivity,
fairness, justice, accuracy, balance, moderation and decency. The reason
governments have often given for their involvement in the media is that
the private ones cannot be trusted to faithfully uphold these values of
the profession. They accuse them of fostering unrealistic expectations
among the populace, heightening anxieties about conditions in the
country, mongering etc. of course, these are general criticisms against
all media institutions, whether private or public. State media
institutions are set up ostensibly to address these weaknesses of the
private media as well as to bring government programmes and policies
closer to the people and promote peaceful co- existence among the
different groups in the society in which they operate. But they are
usually limited by their methods of operation (Onukaba, 2005:5).
The
?battle cone? seems to be drawn between those who argue unflinchingly
that the best way to use the broadcast as a facilitator of development
in the third world is to have them owned and controlled by the
government and those that believe that the best result will be achieved
by making the electronic media dominantly a private sector affair. It is
on this fact that the researcher?s topic finds it footing, hence ?the
comparative study of the performance of government owned and privately
owned broadcasting media organization? (a study of FRCN and Ray Power
Radio).
Somewhere between the two extreme rolls are those who belong
to what seems to be more pragmatic position that government ownership
and control of the media should co ?exist with private media ownership
and that commercial broadcasting should exist with private media to
facilitate the job of broadcasters in the area of socio- economic
development of their nations.
The origin of the current government
ownership and control of the broadcast media in Nigeria can be traced to
the history, purpose and nature of colonial broadcasting services. It
was mainly used for catering for the information and entertainment needs
of the predominantly colonial political and educated elites in colonial
Nigeria as well as the needs of the very few Nigerians educated elites
(Nwosu 1990: 120-121)
Nigeria has since had its independence in 1960
and has undergone many changes that make it imperative that the
broadcast media should change its operations and structure to reflect
the change situations. Although, the broadcasting system of Nigeria has
changed or broaden its aims, objectives and mode of operation but the
ownership and control structures or pattern still remains the same.
So
many reasons have been given by many Nigerian experts and policy makers
for the perpetuation of the ownership and control status quo. One of
such reasons is that the airwaves are limited and should, therefore, be
regulated by the government to ensure equity, order and fairness it has
also been argued that the role of broadcasting as an instrument of
nation- building and development is so important that it should not be
left in the hands of private individuals or organizations.
The fear
has also been expressed that because radio and television are powerful
instruments of politicization, they careful into the hands of some
unscrupulous politicians or political groups who may misuse them to gain
and hold political power unfairly or propagate parochial political
ideologies or ideas. There is the question of funding proponents of
government control and ownership insist that broadcasting in Nigeria can
never survive financially if it does not depend on its government for
financial subventions.
It is believed in many quarters that it is the
above reason given for exclusive government ownership and control
broadcasting in Nigeria that has kept the system unchanged until 1992.
Hence, many Nigerians have yielded abundant reasons in support of
privatization of broadcasting.
The dominant belief of those who
advocate privatization of broadcasting in Nigeria seem to be that the
electronic media practitioners would render the best service when those
media are operated as privately owned business or a commercial
enterprise. Among the reason given for making this conclusion is that
the electronic media would then be able to avoid unsuitable government
influence that content of broadcast news or current affairs in today?s
Nigeria tend to be politically biased.
The point that some people
make is that private ownership of broadcast media allows for healthy
competition which could lead to improved services to the masses of
Nigeria. Related to this service of the masses is the argument that
privately owned broadcast media encourages diversity in production,
programming and other areas of broadcasting.
By 1992, there was a lot
of debate and protest against the monopoly of the government in
broadcasting business. Thus, there were clarion calls for deregulation
and decentralization of broadcast media establishment and ownership.
Hence, it was the contention of the people that a media system that does
not suffer undue restrictions and interference from government would
definitely become the best for the development democracy in the country
(Nwosu 1990:22). It was not until 24th of august 1992 that the federal
military government under Babangida?s administration promulgated decrees
number 38, which established privatization of electronic media. It was
in view of this that Dr. Raymond Dopkesi; established Raypower which
started broadcasting in Lagos.
It is the development that gave rise
to the contention as to which system of ownership is preferable, hence,
the relevance of the study at hand.
1.2 STATEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEM
Ownership
of the media house, its control and recruitment of its principal staff
has formed the influential factors consequent upon the programme quality
of the media house since the owners of the media house usually
determine the aforementioned factor. The media ownership has in some
ways influenced the media programmes and this has posed problems to
journalism as a trade.
In this case, the broadcast media have to
function in tune with the whims and caprices of the owner(s). Nothing
runs the broadcast media practitioners as having the option of either
following the dictates of the owners or face the bitter music of being
sacked. Ownership influence on programme content has made many
broadcasting media outfit to collapse in operations and has also made
them to lose their audience grip. This is mostly true of government
owned broadcast media. After the liberation of media started springing
up from all corners, one of which is Ray power FM radio station.
These
new privately owned media station produced standard programmes that out
bids that of the government owned media stations and as such, many
people abandoned government owned broadcast media.
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The objective of this study will include:
i To find out if the emergence of private broadcasting media in Nigeria has improved broadcasting generally.
ii. To establish if the entrance of private broadcasting is a challenge to government owned broadcast media in Nigeria.
iii. To know if source credibility affects broadcast media listenership.
iv. To find out if radio listenership prefers private radio programmes to government radio programmes.
v. To check whether the radio listenership use what they hear from the radio.
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
i. How does the emergence of private broadcasting media in Nigeria improve broadcasting generally?
ii. To what extent is the entrance of private broadcasting a challenge to government owned broadcast media in Nigeria?
iii. How does source credibility affect broadcast media listenership?
iv. To what extent does the Lagos Radio listenership prefer private radio programmes to government radio programmes?
v. To what extent does the radio listenership use what they hear from radio?
1.5 RESEARCH HYPOTHESES
The following research hypothesis derives logically from the problem posed in the research questions.
Hi: The emergence of private broadcasting in Nigeria improves broadcasting generally.
Ho: The emergence of private broadcasting in Nigeria does not improve broadcasting generally.
Hi: The entrance of private broadcasting is a challenge to government owned broadcast media in Nigeria to a great extent
Ho: The entrance of private broadcasting is not a challenge to government owned broadcast media in Nigeria to a great extent
1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The
findings of this study ?The comparative study of the performances of
government owned and privately owned broadcasting media organization? (A
study of FRCN and Raypower Radio station, Lagos) will help other
researcher in carrying out a similar study. It will add to the mass
communication literature and bulk of knowledge on media performance in
Nigeria. The study will help to analyze the pattern of media ownership
and its influence on Nigerian development. Finally, it will provide the
premise for individuals and stakeholders to make decisions on which form
of media ownership is better and needful in Nigeria.
1.7 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The
researcher?s scope will center on comparatively studying government
ownership of media alongside privately owned media. The study focus will
be on FRCN and Ray Power Radio stations both in Lagos. The population
selected is made up of the entire people who listen to FRCN and Ray
Power Radio stations. The sample size will be on those in Lagos
metropolis. Due to time and financial constraints and because the
researcher is convinced that since FRCN and Ray power FM are both
situated in Lagos, it will offer a good sample for the study.
1.8 OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS
Comparative
study: – Based on the study, it means that the researcher will study
two media houses government owned (FRCN) and privately owned (Ray power)
to find out how similar or different they are.
Government owned
media organization: – This is represented by Federal Radio Co-operation
of Nigeria (FRCN) which is part of the researcher?s study focus. It is
owned by the federal government of Nigeria.
Privately owned
broadcasting media: – It is represented by Ray power FM, which is also
part of the researcher?s study focus. It is owned by Raymond Dopkesi,
under the corporate name: DAAR Communications.
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