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EFFECTS OF GRATITUDE AND VISUALIZING BEST POSSIBLE SELF IN ENHANCING SUBJECTIVE WELL-BEING AMONG INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS IN BAKASSI LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF CROSS RIVER STATE

EFFECTS OF GRATITUDE AND VISUALIZING BEST POSSIBLE SELF IN ENHANCING SUBJECTIVE WELL-BEING AMONG INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS IN BAKASSI LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF CROSS RIVER STATE

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TABLE OF CONTENT

Title                                                                                                                                        Page

Title Page        -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           i

Declaration      -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           ii

Certification    -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           iii

Dedication      -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           iv

Acknowledgement      -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           v

Table of Content         -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           vi

List of Tables  -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           viii

Abstract          -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           ix

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study  -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           1

1.2 Statement of the Problem  -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           4

1.3 Research question s-         -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           5

1.4 Research hypotheses         -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           5

1.5 Objectives of the study     -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           6

1.6 Significance of the study  -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           6

1.7 Scope of the study -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           7

1.8 Operational definition of terms     -           -           -           -           -           -           -           7

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Theoretical Review           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           9

2.2 Empirical Review -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           14

2.3 Summary of literature review       -           -           -           -           -           -           -           17

CHAPTER THREE: METHOD

3.1 Research Design   -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           20

3.2  Research Area      -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           20

3.4 Sample and Sampling Techniques            -           -           -           -           -           -           22

3.5 Procedure  -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           22

3.6 Instruments           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           23

3.7 Statistical Analysis            -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           23

3.8 Ethical issues         -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           23

CHAPTER FOUR

4.1 Data presentation and Analysis    -           -           -           -           -           -           -           25

4.2 Discussion of findings      -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           30

CHAPTER FIVE

5.1 Summary   -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           29

5.2 Conclusion            -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           33

5.3 Recommendations -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           33

5.4 Contribution to Knowledge          -           -           -           -           -           -           -           34

5.5 Suggestions for Further Research -           -           -           -           -           -           36

References      -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           37

Appendices     -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           40


LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Participants’ responses to satisfaction with life scale (pre-test)               -               -               -               -               25

Table 1b Descriptive statistics            -           -           -           -           -           -           -           26

Table 2: Summary table of matched t-test showing sample mean score in SWB of

participants prior to their exposure to gratitude exercises and after their exposure to

gratitude exercises       -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           26

Table 3: Summary table of matched t-test showing sample mean score on subjective

well-being of participants prior to their exposure to best possible self exercises and

after their exposure to best possible self exercises     -           -           -           -           -           27

Table 4: Result showing total mean score differences, standard deviation, and

significant Level of subjective well-being among participants in the gratitude

group and participants In the best possible self-group           -           -           -           -           28

 

ABSTRACT

Empirical evidence shows that gratitude and visualizing best possible self will boost positive affect, reduce negative affect thus enhancing subjective well-being, participants in this study were drawn from internally displaced persons (IDPs) in Bakassi, Cross River State of Nigeria. Thirty-two (32) participants, 14 males (43.8%) and 18 females (56.3%) with a mean age of 28.97 were drawn from one hundred and ten (110) IDPs who were initially given the CESD scale as baseline measure for participating in the main study. Subjective well-being was measured with positive and negative affect schedule (PANAS) and satisfaction with life scale (SWLS). Participants were randomly assigned into two comparative groups of visualizing best possible self and gratitude. Results indicate that gratitude will boost mood and elicit positive emotions.   [t (15) = -1.21, p>.05] A second hypothesis stating that BPS will boost mood and elicit positive emotions did show from the post test scores that there was an increase in SWB but the difference was not significant, [t (15) = -.42>.05]. Therefore, the alternative hypothesis was rejected. Gratitude and BPS did not show significant difference in SWB though the gratitude group (mean=80.38) had higher scores as compared to those in the BPS group (mean=77.88) with p> 0.05 (t=.78), and though BPS seems to inspire greater self-concordant motivation, alternative hypothesis was rejected because this difference was not statistically significant for us to infer that participants in the BPS group fared better in SWB measures. Practical implications of findings are discussed.

Key words: Gratitude, Best possible self, Subjective well-being.


 


CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Subjective well-being (SWB) is defined as people’s overall evaluation of their lives and their emotional experiences. (Diener, Tay, Oishi, Heinzelman & Kushlev, 2017). SWB is also referred to as an individual’s experience of affective reactions and cognitive judgements. SWB encompasses domains such as life satisfaction and health satisfaction judgements including feelings that indicate how people are reacting to the events and situations in their lives. (Diener et al., 2017).

SWB is a broad term that refers to the different ways of evaluating one’s life or emotional experiences like life satisfaction, positive affect (PA), and low negative affect (NA). (Diener, Oishi, & Lucas, 2016).  A Psychologist recently asked Ed Diener (A researcher on SWB) this question: ‘’ who cares about life satisfaction? Why does it matter?’’  And in response to this question, Diener and colleagues wrote an article which they titled: Findings All Psychologists should know from the New Science on Subjective Well-being. The aim of the above article is to review key findings about life satisfaction and other forms of SWB and also clarify its implications for practice in various fields with implications for researchers, scholars, and practitioners in clinical, counselling and Industrial/Organizational Psychology. (Diener et al., 2017).

Gratitude has been shown to have important implications for psychological well-being. Gratitude is a predictor for lower depression. (Wood, Maltby, Gillett, Linley, & Joseph, 2008). Gratitude has implications for higher levels of prosocial behaviour. (McCullough, Kilpatrick, Emmons & Larson, 2001), and positive relationship functioning. (Lambert, Clark, Durtschi, Fincham & Graham, 2010).    Recent research on gratitude shows significant benefits to a person’s overall well-being and ability to flourish in life psychologically, spiritually, and physically. Gratitude may carry cognitive benefits as well, though such research is limited. Gratitude is also believed to be an important source of human strength in achieving and maintaining good mental health.

To gain a deeper understanding of the cognitive benefits of gratitude, Wilson (2016) studied college students who practice gratitude on a consistent basis to find out if they will experience increased ability to focus while learning and remain resilient when learning felt challenging. Her Study measured 110 college students’ self-assessment of gratitude, focus, and resilience in learning, and then examined changes over time produced from an intervention. An intervention group of 50 college students were consistently reminded and encouraged to engage in gratitude practices related to their learning. The reminder to practice gratitude came in the form of SMS messages that were sent every 4-5 days for three months. The control group of 60 college students did not receive any SMS messages. Those students who received reminder SMS to practice gratitude, the researcher hypothesized, would experience greater benefits for focus and resilience in learning than those who did not receive reminder SMS. The results of her study indicated that providing reminders to intentionally practice gratitude toward learning may increase students’ ability to focus in class and to remain resilient while facing difficulties in learning.

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  • Included: Attributes: Abstract, All Chapters, Figures, Appendix, References
  • Study Level: Study Level: BTech, BSc, BEng, BA, HND, ND or NCE

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